INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO INCORPORATINGPRODUCTDESIGNINTO THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEW REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS

• [1] Vapor-Compression Refrigeration. Answers.com. 4/27/2007

<http://www.answers.com/topic/vapor-compression-refrigeration>.

SLIDE 2

PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE

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SLIDE 3

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND BACKGROUND

SLIDE 4

HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION HISTORYOFREFRIGERATION

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HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION

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[2] Calm, James M. and David A. Didion. "Trade-Offs in Refrigerant Selections: Past, Present and Future." Int. J. Refrig., 21, 308 (1998).

SLIDE 6

HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF HISTORYOF REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION

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REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830 REFRIGERANTSFROM1830

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PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT

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[3] Calm, James M. and Glenn C. Hourahan. Refrigerant Data Update. January 2007. Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering. Feb. 7, 2007 <http://www.hpac.com/Issue/Article/44475/Refrigerant Data Update>.

SLIDE 8

REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE REFRIGERANTPHASE

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OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT

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PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE

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OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS

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SLIDE 10

PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE

• OUTSCHEDULEFOR

OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR OUTSCHEDULEFOR HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS HCFCS

SLIDE 11

THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER THEUSEOFCONSUMER PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSIN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN REFRIGERANTDESIGN

SLIDE 12

CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND FUNCTIONSANDDEMAND

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1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

=       −         − =

− ρ ρ ρ

β α φ d p d p Y p d p d

SLIDE 13

DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOFα α

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• Alpha vs. Time

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (Years) Alpha

Alpha vs. Time

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (Years) Alpha

SLIDE 14

DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOF DEVELOPMENTOFβ β

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SLIDE 15

CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS

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SLIDE 16

WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD WHATMAKESAGOOD REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT? REFRIGERANT?

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SLIDE 17

CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS

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[4] Calm, James M. and David A. Didion. "Trade-Offs in Refrigerant Selections: Past, Present and Future." Int. J. Refrig., 21, 308 (1998).

SLIDE 18

SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1 SURVEY1

7 8 10 9 10 8 )*

SLIDE 19

ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATING ESTIMATINGω ω

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• Weighted Consumer Preferences

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% Coefficient of Performance Flammability Toxicity Explosion Potential Global Warming Potential Ozone Depletion Potential w i% (where Σw i=100%) `

SLIDE 20

Property Score vs. Sweetness 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Not Sweet Semi Sweet Very Sweet Sweet Inedible Sweetness Property Score vs. Sweetness 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Not Sweet Semi Sweet Very Sweet Sweet Inedible Sweetness

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2

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P r oper t y S cor e vs. Conc . S ugar 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

• Conc. of Sugar (g/cm 3)

Property Score Consumer Satisfaction vs. Sweetness

SLIDE 21

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY

Property Score vs. Efficiency

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Not Efficient Marginally Efficient Efficient Highly Efficient Extremely Efficient

Property Score vs. Efficiency

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Not Efficient Marginally Efficient Efficient Highly Efficient Extremely Efficient

Consumer Satisfaction vs. Efficiency

Property Score vs. Hve/Cp

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Hve/Cp Property Score

SLIDE 22

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY FLAMMABILITY

Property Score vs. Flash Point

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 50 100 150 200 250 Flash Point (F) Property Score

Property Score vs. Flammability

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Non Flammable Slightly Flammable Flammable Highly Flammable Extremely Flammable

Property Score vs. Flammability

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Non Flammable Slightly Flammable Flammable Highly Flammable Extremely Flammable

Consumer Satisfaction vs. Flammability

SLIDE 23

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY TOXICITY

Property Score vs. LD50 Conc.

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 LD50 (mg/kg) Property Score

Property Score vs. Toxicity

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Non Toxic Very Slightly Toxic Slightly Toxic Moderately Toxic Highly Toxic Extremely Toxic

Property Score vs. Toxicity

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

Non Toxic Very Slightly Toxic Slightly Toxic Moderately Toxic Highly Toxic Extremely Toxic

Consumer Satisfaction vs. Toxicity

SLIDE 24

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION EXPLOSION POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

Property Score vs. Explosion Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No Risk Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk Extremely Risk

Property Score vs. Explosion Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No Risk Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk Extremely Risk

Property Score vs. LEL

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 LEL (%) Property Score

Consumer Satisfaction vs. Explosion Potential

SLIDE 25

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

Property Score vs. GWP

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 GWP (Rel. CO2) Property Score

Property Score vs. Global Warming Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No GWP Very Slight GWP Slight GWP Moderate GWP High GWP Extremely High GWP

Property Score vs. Global Warming Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No GWP Very Slight GWP Slight GWP Moderate GWP High GWP Extremely High GWP

Consumer Satisfaction vs. GWP

SLIDE 26

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING GLOBALWARMING POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

SLIDE 27

SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2 SURVEY2– – – – – – – – OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION OZONEDEPLETION POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

Property Score vs. ODP

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ODP (Rel. to CCl3F) Property Score

Property Score vs. Ozone Depletion Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No ODP Very Slight ODP Slight ODP Moderate ODP High ODP Extremely High ODP

Property Score vs. Ozone Depletion Potential

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Property Score

No ODP Very Slight ODP Slight ODP Moderate ODP High ODP Extremely High ODP

Consumer Satisfaction vs. ODP

SLIDE 28

SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET SOLVINGFORTHEMARKET POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y) POTENTIAL(Y)

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SLIDE 29

CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD CENTRALAIR/HOUSEHOLD UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS

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5US Air Conditioners 2004.

SLIDE 30

AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005 AUTOMOBILESSOLDIN2005

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Number of cars purchased in 2005 (by country)

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 USA Japan China UK U n its in M illio n s

SLIDE 31

ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET ESTIMATINGTHEMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET POTENTIALOFTHEAUTOMARKET

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SLIDE 32

COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO COMPARINGTHISVALUETO DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHE DATAPROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC UNFCCC

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SLIDE 33

PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PRODUCTION&RELEASEDATA PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC PROVIDEDBYTHEUNFCCC

SLIDE 34

HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE HOLEINTHEOZONE

SLIDE 35

DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS DESIGNOFNEWREFRIGERANTS BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER BASEDONCONSUMER PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND PREFERENCEFUNCTIONSAND THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET THECHOSENMARKET

SLIDE 36

METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING METHODSFOREXAMINING REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANTS

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SLIDE 37

DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP DISCUSSIONOFGROUP CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY

SLIDE 38

GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY

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SLIDE 39

MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF MOLECULEMADEOF FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS

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SLIDE 40

FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS FUNCTIONALGROUPS

=O =O

• COO

COO-

• =C=

=C=

• NO2

NO2

• COOH

COOH =C< =C<

• CN

CN

• CHO

CHO =CH =CH-

• R=N

R=N-

• 2R>CO

2R>CO R=C<2R R=C<2R =CH2 =CH2 >N >N-

• >CO

>CO

• I

I R=CH R=CH-

• R

R >C< >C< R R-

• S

S-

• R

R 2R>NH 2R>NH R R-

• O

O-

• R

R

• Br

Br 2R>C<2R 2R>C<2R >CH >CH-

• S

S-

• >NH

>NH

• O

O-

• Cl

Cl 2R>CH 2R>CH-

• R

R

• CH2

CH2-

• SH

SH

• NH2

NH2

• OH

OH

• F

F R R-

• CH2

CH2-

• R

R

• CH3

CH3 Sulfur Sulfur Groups Groups Nitrogen Nitrogen Groups Groups Oxygen Oxygen Groups Groups Halogen Halogen Groups Groups Cyclic Cyclic Groups Groups Acyclic Acyclic Groups Groups = represents a double bond, bonding site

• - represents a single bond, bonding site

R represents a ring bonding site

SLIDE 41

ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN ENUMERATIONMODELINGIN EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP EXCELUSINGGROUP CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY

SLIDE 42

ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. ENUMERATIONVS. OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION

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SLIDE 43

WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION WHATISTHEENUMERATION METHOD? METHOD? METHOD? METHOD? METHOD? METHOD? METHOD? METHOD?

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1 2 CH2 nCH2= 012012012 >CH n>CH= 012012012012012012012012012 Iterationsfor3x3=27

SLIDE 44

VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE

SLIDE 45

VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE

SLIDE 46

VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE VBACODE

SLIDE 47

REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING REFRIGERANTMODELING

4 4

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4 5

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$

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, / /

SLIDE 48

FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM FLOWOFVARIABLESFROM GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION GROUPCONTRIBUTION THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY THEORY

SLIDE 49

HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP HOWTOUSEGROUP CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY

(I (I (I( (I( ( ( I I I( I( I ( I ( !I( !I(

• 0I0 ;

0I0 ; < < 2I 2I ( (

• 2(I

2(I ( (

• 2I

2I ( (

• 2I

2I ( (

• JJJ)>

JJJ)>8 8+ +

3 1 7 2 1 4 1 1

* 10 * 06 . 2 * * 10 * 91 . 3 * * 21 . * 93 . 37 *

avg N i di p i avg N i ci p i avg N i bi p i N i ai p i a p

T C n T C n T C n C n C       − +       − +       − + − =

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

= − = − = =

2 1 1

* * * 0032 . 113 . 1       − + =

∑ ∑

= = N i N i ci i i i c

P n a n P

∑ ∑

= =

      − + =

N i N i ci i ci i b c

T n T n T T

1 2 1

* * * 965 . 584 . (

∑

=

+ =

N i bi i b

T n T

1

* 21 . 198

SLIDE 50

THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC THERMODYNAMIC EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS

• H>:

H>:0

• :05( ;#

:05( ;# '< '<

• :050

:050 ( ) ( ) 

                         − + − + + − + + =

avgr avgr avgr avgr a p pla

T T T T C C 1 742 . 1 1 * 2 . 25 11 . 17 * * 25 . 1 45 . 45 . 1 * 314 . 8 * 1868 . 4 1

3 / 1

ω

( )

        − − = ∆

br c br c vb

T P T T R H 930 . 013 . 1 ln * * * * 093 . 1

38 .

1 1 *         − − ∆ = ∆

c b c evp vb ve

T T T T H H

SLIDE 51

PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS PRESSUREEQUATIONS

• F

F

• F0

F0

( )

( )( )

[ ]

3 2

1 3 * 1 * ln

cndr cndr cndr cndr vpcr

T T k T T G P − + + − − =

( ) ( )( )

[ ]

3 2

1 3 * 1 * ln

evpr evpr evpr evpr vper

T T k T T G P − + + − − =

c vpcr vpc

P P P * =

c vper vpe

P P P * =

SLIDE 52

GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION GROUPCOMBINATION CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS

• /(

/(

• /5 &

/5 & $ $ F F

SLIDE 53

STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY

• )0 (& (

)0 (& ( ( (

D D8 8:$ :$E E D D8 8:$ :$E E D DK: K:8 8 E E

• ((

(( 4%) 4%)

D D8 8:$ :$E E & &D D8 8" "E E 4%) 4%)

• (((

(((

• ( (

( (

SLIDE 54

STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY STRUCTURALFEASIBILITY CON CON CON CON CON CON CON CON’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’D D D D D D D D

• % (((0

% (((0

D DI: I:E E 3 3D DI4 I4E E 3 3D DI: I:E E & & D DII IIE E & &D DI4 I4E E

• '*(0

'*(0

D DI: I:E E D D8 8" "E E > >D DI: I:8 8E E

• )0(0;<

)0(0;<

• )*

)* D DKL KLE E 0+(&& 0+(&& >+&( >+&(D D8 8" "E E

SLIDE 55

MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE MOLECULARSIZE

• ' (

' (

• '* (2

'* (2

. . '*( '*( (I= (I=. . 8 8: :8 8;"< ;"<=

=I2

I2 &(I1 &(I1. . : :$

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8;: ;:

<

<1

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8: :$

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I2 (I (I. . ;< ;<$

$;"<

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1I

I

• 4& * (

4& * ( 9 9

• 0(

0(

SLIDE 56

VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE VAPORPRESSURE

• ' 00

' 00 ( (

. .

• '* 0

'* 0 2( 2(

. . ' ( ' ( . . ' '8 8 ;(0< ;(0<

• : (0

: (0

. . %0( %0(

SLIDE 57

“ “ “ “ “ “ “ “MAKING MAKING MAKING MAKING MAKING MAKING MAKING MAKING” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE AMOLECULE

8

8" "I

I

8

8 I

I

KL

KLI

I

• "

"

8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8:$ :$ :$ :$ :$ :$ :$ :$ I

I

8

8: :8 8 I

I

8

8:$ :$I$

I$

K:

K:8 8 I

I

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8

8:$ :$I

I

K:

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I

8

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I

8

84: 4:I

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I:

I:I

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IL

ILI

I

8

84 48 8

I I

8

8" "I

I

• MM

MM

SLIDE 58

MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER MOLECULEMAKER

n= Pvpe FALSE Tavg K 294 sCH3 2 Pvpc FALSE Tevp K 272 sCH2s 2 heatcap TRUE 1 Tcnd K 317 ssCHs 2

• 6

ssCss

• K

334.61 dCH2 Ynt true 1

• K

499.73 dCHs

• ddfree

true 1

• bar

35.01 dCss connected true 1

• J/molK

0.131 dCd nofree true 1

• 0.670

rCH2r bond type true 1

• K

0.588 rrCHr singlefree true 1

• 0.633

rrCrr double free true 1

• 0.544

drCHr triple free true 1

• 0.942

drCrr single cyclic free true 1

• 2.734

sF double cyclic fre true 1

• 0.345

sCl mixed true 1

• J/molK

45.325 sBr end cap false kJ/mol 29.502 sI real structure kJ/mol 33.335 sOH

• 7.179

sOs Yss 1

• 3.790

rOr Ydd

• 0.561

ssCO Ytt

• 0.015

rrCO Ysr

• 0.002

sCHO Ydr

• bar

0.533 sCOOH Yr

• bar

0.070 sCOOs Ysd

• 0.000

doO Yst sNH2 Yssr ssNH Ysdr rrNH Ydsr iterations ssNs Y0m 1 27 drNs Ym5 sCN Ym1 1 sNO2 Ym6 sSH Ym2 1 sSs Ym7 rSr Ym3 1 6 Ym8 Ym4 1 Ym9 Binary Variables Physical Constraints Thermodynamic Properties Structural Constraints

SLIDE 59

RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL RESULTSFROMEXCEL

• $3@939+,(;@<

$3@939+,(;@<

• @+9

@+9

• ,@@(;

,@@(; 3((< 3((<

• /&0(

/&0( ( ( &* &*

• 5

5

SLIDE 60

β β VALUES VALUES VALUES VALUES VALUES VALUES VALUES VALUES

• *>030

*>030β β (( ((

Chemical Formula H = Σxiyij

β = H2/H1 Rank

CH2=CH-F

0.61 1.39 2

CH3 -CH=CH2

0.61 1.39 4

CH2=CF2

0.51 1.68 8

CH2=CH-Cl

0.50 1.69 1

CH2=CFCl

0.49 1.75 3

CH2=C=CH-F

0.40 2.13 5

CH2=CH-O-F

0.40 2.14 6

CH2=CH-C(=O)-F

0.40 2.14 20

Cl2

0.40 2.15 7

F-Br

0.39 2.17 9

CH2=CCH3F

0.39 2.17 10

CH2=CH-CH2-F

0.39 2.18 11

CH2=C=CF2

0.39 2.18 12

CH2=C=C=C=O

0.39 2.19 13

FSH

0.39 2.19 14

CH2=C(-F)-O-F

0.39 2.19 15

FNH2

0.39 2.19 16

cyc(CH=CH-CH2)

0.39 2.19 17

cyc(CH=CH-O)

0.39 2.20 18

O=CH-Br

0.38 2.22 19

R134a

0.85 1.00

SLIDE 61

LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP LIMITATIONSOFGROUP CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY CONTRIBUTIONTHEORY

• &

&

• (;

(;(;<

(;<8

8 (;<

(;<<I

<I

• (

(

• (

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I$9=N

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)*

$ $8 8 8 8 8 83 3

• (

(IN

IN

• 8

8 8 8 8 8 3 * 3 *

• (

(I199N

I199N ? ? +? +? @? @? 2,? 2,? ? ? 2+? 2+?

• $@?

$@? $? $? +=? +=? * * ! !

• (

(

)##4 )##4 # #

SLIDE 62

LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONSOFFUNCTIONAL GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY GROUPTHEORY

• )0&

)0&

• !(&

!(& * *

SLIDE 63

RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

SLIDE 64

RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

• 0(

0( #( #( 0( 0( *00 *00

• H(>

H(> %(* %(*

• 6

6 ' ' (33 (33 0(( 0(( ( ( ( ( $ $ 0( 0(

SLIDE 65

RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

$ $ '( '( 0/ 0/ 0 3( 0 3( * * + + (& (& , , H( H(8 8 ( ( ((( ((( 5 5 &3 &3 (( ((

SLIDE 66

QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS?

SLIDE 67

WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED WORKSCITED

• : G=G22=

: G=G22= L LGG&&& G*(G G GG&&& G*(G G K K

• 722=:G!G

722=:G!G )"(=322= )"(=322= L LGG&&& GGG+++=,G#OO GG&&& GGG+++=,G#OOK K

• !"#$ $

!"#$ $79322= 79322= )0 !79 )0 !79

322=

322= L LGG&&&0G5G@GG GG&&&0G5G@GG K K % % #&# #&# @ @

322@)0 !

322@)0 ! "(, "(,

322=

322= L LGG&&&0G5G@GG GG&&&0G5G@GG K K ' ' !#((% !#((%722+ 722+ /"( /"(

3

3 22=L 22=LGG*G2$$=G2122$+ GG*G2$$=G2122$+K K ) ) !$*+((' !$*+((' 22@ 22@ / :(0 / / :(0 / "( "(

322=

322= L LGG&&&0GG22@(G,2 GG&&&0GG22@(G,28 82, 2,K K , ,

• !
• !.

.#$/,0//, #$/,0//, 7 7 +3222/ )"( +3222/ )"(

322=

322= L LGG&&&0G G (GGG GG&&&0G G (GGGOO OO K K

• 123'
• 123'

4

44 46 6373! 373! 7!'& 7!'&8 8:3%&B322;=1 :3%&B322;=18 819< 19<

SLIDE 68

APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX

SLIDE 69

CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CREATINGMOREACCURATE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE CONSUMERPREFERENCE FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS

• 30(

30(

• 0&

0&

( 0 ( 0

SLIDE 70

MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC MORETHERMODYNAMIC EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS EQUATIONS

( )

6

* 169347 . ln * 28862 . 1 09648 . 6 013 . 1 ln 97214 . 5

br br br c

T T T P − + +       − − = α

( )

6

* 43577 . ln * 4721 . 13 6875 . 15 2518 . 15

br br br

T T T + − − = β

β α ω =

( )

br c br

T P T h − = 1 013 . 1 ln *

h G * 4605 . 4835 . + =

( ) ( )( )

2

1 3 1

br br br

T T T G h k − + + − =

SLIDE 71

THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS

• "(

"(

8 8) ) 3( 3( ( (

• ∆

∆:G :G

SLIDE 72

GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE

SLIDE 73

GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE

SLIDE 74

GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE

SLIDE 75

GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE GAMSCODE

SLIDE 76

SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN SYSTEMATICDESIGN

SLIDE 77

ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS

• 45

45

. . 40& 40& ( (

• (&

(&

. . #>* 0 #>* 0

) / exp(-3.858 * ) (n 0.05013 ODP

1.510 Cl

τ =

SLIDE 78

OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBTAININGVALUESFORTHE OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OBJECTIVEFUNCTION

• " (

" ( *0 *0

. . & & *0 *0 . . 0 . . % %

• *

*

. . * *

• .

. "* "*

• Vapor Pressure vs. LEL

y = 176.5x - 29.778 R2 = 0.0351

• 5000

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 LEL (%) Vapor Pressure (mmHg)

Flash Point vs. LEL

Linear y = -66.281x + 68.752 R

2 = 0.4087

3rd Order Polynomial y = 50.242x3 - 231x2 + 275.14x - 92.641 R2 = 0.4151 6th Order Polynomial y = -1196.1x6 + 9953.1x5 - 34677x4 + 65066x3 - 69409x2 + 39657x - 9368.3 R

2 = 0.5702

• 120
• 100
• 80
• 60
• 40
• 20

20 40 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 LEL (%) Flash Point (

• C)

SLIDE 79

CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT MOLECULARWEIGHT

y = -0.0095x + 1.749 R2 = 0.9276

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 50 75 100 125 150 molecular wieght dH/Cp

average comparison

SLIDE 80

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆H/C H/C H/C H/C H/C H/C H/C H/CP

P P P P P P P CORRELATIONWITH

CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH CORRELATIONWITH COP COP COP COP COP COP COP COP

Correlation of dH/Cp with COP 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1 2 3 4 5 COP (PRO/II) dH/Cp dH/Cp

• Poly. (dH/Cp)

SLIDE 81

EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS

• &C(

&C( (&4!& (&4!& (0 (0

• " 37/3*&A

" 37/3*&A D D0! 0! / / E E 564 564

• ++;222<=

++;222<=8 8+ +

• " 37/3*&A

" 37/3*&A D D0! 0! E E 5 5 64 64++;222<+$ ++;222<+$8 8,@ ,@

SLIDE 82

EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR EVALUATINGTHECOPFOR NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS NEWREFRIGERANTS

• "& 3

"& 3 &3&04! &3&04!

• (0

(0 4!( 4!(

• &&

&& ( (

• (

( 5 5