Improving motivation and Do you ever wonder classroom participation with if your students: student response system technology. � Are paying attention? Brian Rivest and Aaron Fried � Are understanding what you have just discussed? � Feel engaged, a part of your class? What can be done, especially in large What do I need to use Clickers lecture sections? in the Classroom? � Ask more questions……..…! Software � Give more quizzes……..…..! � Use a student response system (SRS; aka “clickers”) ResponseCard Receiver “Clicker” Attendance... Demographics: I am a(n)… Administrator 1) 100% 1) I am totally here Full Professor 2) Associate Professor 3) 2) I am only partially here 100% Assistant Professor 4) 3) I wish I weren’t here Librarian 5) Technical Support 6) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Specialist 0% 0% r r r r n r o o o o . e t s a . h a s s i . s s s r p t r e e a S O t e r Other s f f f b i o o o t 7) n r r r i r i P P L o e e m P p e e r e r e r d l l e t p h u t n h h A a a u y y t F S l l ’ c i t l a l n s l a e o i a o t t i r s s r e s c t a w s i m p A A n y I a h h I n l s c o i w e m T I a I 1
Student opinion….. Quiz: The “powerhouse” of the cell where ATP is made is called the ... 100% Nucleus 1) Mitochondrion 2) Endoplasmic 3) 0% 0% 0% reticulum Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Nucleus Golgi apparatus 4) Student opinion….. Should stem cell research be funded? Yes 1. 100% No 2. Unsure 3. 0% 0% s o e e N r Y u s n from Nature Vol. 445, January 11, 2007 U What does it cost? Exporting data to Excel � Software is free download at www.turningtechnologies.com � RF receiver � Free from Thomson � $99 from Turning Technologies � Cost to students for Clickers � $25-55 � Can be used in multiple classes; sold back 2
What do you get for the time, effort What BIO 202 students said: and money? � “Response pads were an asset to the class, � Lots of anecdotal evidence very beneficial.” � Students like it � “I thought the response pads helped me � Need for empirical evidence participate in lecture in a way that allowed � Enter Aaron Fried me to learn better about the topics.” � “Response pads were a good tool for knowing how much we understood.” � “I would like to see them used more.” What are the effects of an SRS? Other effects � Lowery, 2005; Burnstein & Lederman, 2001 . � Daily quizzing leads to better curricular � Improved class preparation decisions � Improved attendance � Mean pass rates & exam scores have been � Better comprehension improved � More active participation/ peer collaboration � Better student retention � This research has been poorly designed, e.g. � Greater student satisfaction experiments with poor control groups, � Ease of tracking student progress anecdotal evidence, small populations… Problems in large lectures A Model For Motivation � John Keller (1987) � Lectures can be effective but: � Effective instruction should focus on � Poor at fostering critical thinking providing the learner with motivation to � Hard to provide quality feedback learn. � Poor attendance � 4 components of Motivation (ARCS) � A – Attention � Attendance vs. motivation as an indicator � R – Relevance of success � C – Confidence � S – Satisfaction (Huxham, 2005; Maloney and Lally, 1998; Moore, 2003) 3
Measuring Motivation Two Group Study Timeline � Motivation can change over time Pretest Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 +CIS +CIS +CIS +CIS � Multiple measures at multiple times +IMMS +IMMS +IMMS +IMMS Group 1- Control |---------|-------------------|-----------------|------------------| Group 2- SRS |---------|-------------------|-----------------|------------------| � Measurement instruments: Single Group Study � Course Interest Survey (CIS) � Instructional Materials Motivational A � B � A � B � A � B Survey (IMMS) A = No SRS B = SRS Now that you have heard this talk, how much do you think clickers might improve student motivation? 25% 25% 25% 25% A lot 1. A little 2. None at all 3. Student boredom 4. will increase t e o l l l . t a . . l i t t l A l a i l A w e n m o o N d e r o b n t e d u S t (Please leave response pads on the tables. Thanks.) 4
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