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http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz NEUTRINOS: Ghosts of the Universe - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz NEUTRINOS: Ghosts of the Universe Stephen Parke Theoretical Physicist Fermilab Websters Online Dictionary Main Entry: neutrino Pronunciation: n-'trE-(")nO, ny- Etymology: Italian, from neutro

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http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz

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NEUTRINOS:

Stephen Parke Theoretical Physicist Fermilab

Ghosts of the Universe

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that is believed to be massless, or to have a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that is believed to be massless, or to have a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that has a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

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  • 1930 – postulated by Wolfgang Pauli

(to solve energy crisis in radioactive decay)

Brief Early History

  • f the Neutrino
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  • 1930 – postulated by Wolfgang Pauli

(to solve energy crisis in radioactive decay)

Brief Early History

  • f the Neutrino
  • 1933 – incorporated into theory of radioactive

decay by Enrico Fermi who named the ``neutrino = little neutral one’’

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  • 1930 – postulated by Wolfgang Pauli

(to solve energy crisis in radioactive decay)

Brief Early History

  • f the Neutrino
  • 1933 – incorporated into theory of radioactive

decay by Enrico Fermi who named the ``neutrino = little neutral one’’

  • 1957 – first observed by Cowan and Reines

using nuclear reactor as the source.

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1966

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1966

And yet the nothing-particle is not a nothing at all

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Neutron Decay:

n → p + e− + ¯ νe

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Neutron Decay:

n → p + e− + ¯ νe

→

Solar Engine:

p + p → d + e+ + νe

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Neutron Decay:

n → p + e− + ¯ νe

→

Solar Engine:

p + p → d + e+ + νe

→

SuperNova Cooling:

e+ + e− → ν + ¯ ν

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SLIDE 14

Neutron Decay:

n → p + e− + ¯ νe

→

Solar Engine:

p + p → d + e+ + νe

→

SuperNova Cooling:

e+ + e− → ν + ¯ ν

→

Leptogenesis:

???

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Neutrino Picture of the Sun

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SUN Solar Nuclear Reactor

4 protons + 2 electrons Helium Nucleus (2p2n) + 2 Neutrinos (2ν) + a little Energy

Using E=mc2

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SUN Solar Nuclear Reactor

4 protons + 2 electrons Helium Nucleus (2p2n) + 2 Neutrinos (2ν) + a little Energy

Using E=mc2

60,000,000,000 neutrinos

per square cm per sec at the earth

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Day and Night!

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Neutrino Picture of the Sun Size of the Sun: about One pixel 4 yr exposure, big “camera” The Energy produced takes 1,000,000 yrs to get to the surface. The Neutrinos take 2 seconds to get to the surface. From the Sun to Earth takes 8 minutes.

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Geordi La Forge: in “The Enemy” Star Trek: The Next Generation

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Geordi La Forge: in “The Enemy” Star Trek: The Next Generation The visor “sees” Neutrinos!!!

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SuperKamiokande

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SuperKamiokande

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Supernova

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Mechanics of a Supernova

H

Fe

n,p

20 M 1.5 M core 1.5 M neutron star

10 km 1000 km 10,000,000 km

Energy Released 10 kilowatt-hours!!!

40

sun sun sun

equivalent to 0.1 M sun

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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

  • Light show 1c = 0.01%
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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

  • Blowing Star Apart $1 = 1%
  • Light show 1c = 0.01%
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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

  • Blowing Star Apart $1 = 1%
  • Light show 1c = 0.01%
  • Neutrinos $99 = 99%
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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

  • Blowing Star Apart $1 = 1%
  • Light show 1c = 0.01%
  • Neutrinos $99 = 99%

Light show lasts months

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Supernova Energy Budget = $100

  • Blowing Star Apart $1 = 1%
  • Light show 1c = 0.01%
  • Neutrinos $99 = 99%

Neutrino tsunami lasts 10-20 seconds !!! Light show lasts months

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We are here

Large Magelanic Cloud 170,000 light years away !

Supernova 1987a - Feb 24

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We are here

Large Magelanic Cloud 170,000 light years away !

Supernova 1987a - Feb 24

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We are here

Large Magelanic Cloud 170,000 light years away !

Supernova 1987a - Feb 24

First time in over 300 yrs SN visible to naked eye

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8 IBM

12 Kamiokande

Neutrinos from SN 1987a 100,000 times brighter than our Sun in Neutrinos arrived 3 hours before the light?

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~ 500 Supernova Neutrino Tsunamis are on their way from supernova in our galaxy!!!

Bigger Detectors, More Detectors Rate ???

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~ 500 Supernova Neutrino Tsunamis are on their way from supernova in our galaxy!!!

Bigger Detectors, More Detectors Rate ??? 2 +/- 1 per century !

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Nobel Prize 2002

“….for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

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Nobel Prize 2002

“….for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

Davis, USA solar

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Nobel Prize 2002

“….for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

Davis, USA solar Koshiba, Japan supernova

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Neutrino Sources

  • Reactors
  • Sun
  • Supernova
  • Cosmic Rays on

Atmosphere

  • Accelerators
  • Radioactive

Sources

  • Earth
  • Other Astrophysical

point sources

  • Sum of Past

Supernova

  • Cosmic Background
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#νs = 2 × 1020 /sec/GW

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Predicted geo-neutrino signal

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Neutrinos from the BIG BANG 300 ν from Big Bang

(more than 100x solar)

1 cm3 30,000,000 inside YOU!!!

Neutrinos are Everywhere Abundant but Elusive

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that has a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that has a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

νe

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that has a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

νe

νµ

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Main Entry: neu·tri·no Pronunciation: nü-'trE-(")nO, nyü- Etymology: Italian, from neutro : an uncharged elementary particle that has a very small mass, that has any of three forms, and that interacts only rarely with other particles

Webster’s Online Dictionary ν

νe

νµ ντ

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Three Neutrino Flavors:

Source Detector e e

ν

Electron

e

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Three Neutrino Flavors:

Source Detector e e

ν

Electron

e

µ µ

ν

Muon

µ

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Three Neutrino Flavors:

Source Detector e e

ν

Electron

e

µ µ

ν

Muon

µ

τ τ

ν

Tau

τ

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SLIDE 54

Three Neutrino Flavors:

Source Detector e e

ν

Electron

e

µ µ

ν

Muon

µ

τ τ

ν

Tau

τ small L/E at least for

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ν

e µ

NEVER

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ν

e µ

NEVER

Until recently: Long Distances needed!!! (large L/E)

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?

small L/E very large L/E

ν e ν µ ντ ν1 ν2 ν3

Fixed Flavor Fixed Mass different

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?

small L/E very large L/E

ν e ν µ ντ ν1 ν2 ν3

Fixed Flavor Fixed Mass

FUN

different

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?

FUN

νµ

Here the world is truly Quantum Mechanical.

can oscillate into ντ and back again

Born νµ Maybe νµ Maybe ντ Almost Pure ντ Maybe νµ Maybe ντ Pure νµ

Time, or Distance Traveled

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Near Detector: 980 tons

  • Det. 2
  • Det. 1

735 km

Far Detector: 5400 tons

The MINOS Experiment

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TTunnel Boring Machine

First piece of decay pipe 166th plane in Soudan March, 2002 225 out of 486 now installed

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Neutrino Flavor change ⇒ Neutrino Masses

  • me = electron mass = mass Hydrogen Atom / 2000

(Einstein)

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Neutrino Flavor change ⇒ Neutrino Masses

  • me = electron mass = mass Hydrogen Atom / 2000

mν > me / 107

(0.05 eV) (Einstein)

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Neutrino Flavor change ⇒ Neutrino Masses

  • me = electron mass = mass Hydrogen Atom / 2000

and

  • mν < me / 106

(0.5 eV )

mν > me / 107

(0.05 eV) (Einstein)

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Neutrino Mass Squared

Νe ΝΜ ΝΤ

Fractional Flavor Content

1 NORMAL

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Neutrino Mass Squared

Νe ΝΜ ΝΤ

Fractional Flavor Content

1 NORMAL

msol

2

(= m2

2 − m2 1)

2 sin Θ12

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Neutrino Mass Squared

Νe ΝΜ ΝΤ

Fractional Flavor Content

1 NORMAL

msol

2

(= m2

2 − m2 1)

2 sin Θ12

3

23

matm

2

(= m2

3 − m2 2)

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Neutrino Mass Squared

Νe ΝΜ ΝΤ

Fractional Flavor Content

1 NORMAL

msol

2

(= m2

2 − m2 1)

2 sin Θ12

3

23

matm

2

(= m2

3 − m2 2)

∆m2

atm = 30 ∗ ∆m2 sol

<3%

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Ray Davis & John Bahcall

Solar Neutrinos:

Observed Expected ≈ 1 3

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Sudbury Neutrino

1000 tons Solar

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Core

Sun Earth νe ν2

Born as νe they exit the Sun and arrive at the earth as ν2 !!!

After 40 years of 8B Solar Nu Exp. ν2 ie equal mixture of νe νµ and ντ

Davis

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νe νµ ντ

¯ νe ¯ νµ ¯ ντ

Neutrinos - Anti-Neutrinos

Is ¯ ν just a ν but with opposite spin ?

Is there a ”leptonic charge” that is opposite?

? OR

136Xe →136 Ba + 2e−

v

136Xe →136 Ba + 2e− + 2¯

νe T1/2 ∼ 1026 years

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay:

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Neutrinos behave differently than Anti-Neutrinos

and CP violation

Born νµ Maybe νµ Maybe ντ

almost

pure ντ

little

νe Maybe νµ Maybe ντ Pure νµ

Time, or Distance Traveled

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Young-Kee Kim April 25-26, 2008, FRA Visiting Committee Slide 20

NOvA (off-axis) !"#$%&'()')%*+ Underground Lab. DUSEL MiniBooNE SciBooNE MINERvA MINOS (on-axis) 1300 km 735 km

Powerful Beam (Project X) Huge Detector (LAr or/and Water) = Proton Decay Detector

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The Asymmetry in the behavior of Neutrinos verses Anti-Neutrinos may explain why the universe is

now dominated by matter

and not equal parts

matter and anti-matter !

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The Asymmetry in the behavior of Neutrinos verses Anti-Neutrinos may explain why the universe is

now dominated by matter

and not equal parts

matter and anti-matter !

Leptogenesis

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ICE CUBE 1 Km cubed

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IceTop

Air shower array

Amanda

String 21

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looking for rare high energy Neutrinos from point Sources. Neutrino Telescope:

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Cosmic Gall by John Updike NYer 1960 Neutrinos, they are very small. They have no charge and have no mass And do not interact at all. The earth is just a silly ball To them, through which they simply pass, Like dustmaids through a drafty hall Or photons through a sheet of glass. They snub the most exquisite gas, Ignore the most substantial wall, Cold-shoulder steel and sounding brass, Insult the stallion in his stall, And scorning barriers of class, Infiltrate you and me! Like tall And painless guillotines, they fall Down through our heads into the grass. At night, they enter at Nepal And pierce the lover and his lass From underneath the bed-you call It wonderful; I call it crass.

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Neutrinos are Everywhere, Abundant but Elusive

yet Fastinating

and maybe Responsible for

  • ur Existence in Universe.

Asimov: The Neutrino http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/neutrino/ http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz

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Extras:

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Shanghai New York

Communications via Neutrinos:

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Shanghai New York

∆Time = 20 − 30 msec

Communications via Neutrinos:

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Christchurch

Neutrino 2008 May 25-31

http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz

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SLIDE 87 40 Adriatic Mediterranean Sea Sea Sea Tyrrhenian Ionian Sea Biscay English Channel Irish Loire S e i n e Rhine Danube Po Elbe V I s t u l a Oder Sea Balearic egat North Sea T agus Ligurian Sea Sea

O c e a n

Bay of Celtic Sea Strait of Gibraltar Sea Alborán

SPAIN

ALB. SAN TUNISIA

ALGERIA

MOROCCO PORTUGAL ITALY CITY MALTA VATICAN MARINO AUSTRIA SWITZ. SLOVENIA HUNGARY SERBIA AND MONTENEGR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC RUSSIA LITHU UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND DENMARK (U.K.) (U.K.) Guernsey Jersey POLAND GERMANY (SPAIN) Gibraltar LIECH. MONACO ANDORRA LUX. BEL. NETH. CROATIA Isle
  • f
Man (U.K.) Melilla (SPAIN) Ceuta (U.K.)

FRANCE

Essen Leipzig Bremen Hamburg Frankfurt Cologne Bonn Birmingham Rotterdam Wroclaw Poznan Turin Liverpool Stuttgart Munich Lódz Kraków Belfast Leeds Edinburgh Cardiff Marseille Bordeaux Lyon Bilbao Málaga Valencia Zaragoza Sevilla Oran Kaliningrad Gdansk Malmö Brno Zürich Milan Vilnius Copenhagen Dublin Warsaw Berlin Amsterdam London Brussels Prague Luxembourg Paris Bratislava Budapest Vienna Vaduz Zagreb Belgr Sarajevo Rome Madrid Lisbon Valletta Rabat Bern Casablanca ´ ´ ´ am Main Lille Nantes Toulouse Andorra la Vella Manchester Ljubljana Venice Florence Genoa Geneva Strasbourg Tirana Cagliari Naples Palermo Algiers Tunis Barcelona Porto Sicily Sardinia ISLANDS BALEARIC Corsica Öland Bornholm Scale 1: 19,5 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection, standard parallels 40˚N and 56˚N A A E E N N N I P Y R E N E E S L P P P L A S D I N C I R A S S MASSIF CENTRAL C

Antipodal NZ

Christchurch

Neutrino 2008 May 25-31

http://www.neutrino2008.co.nz

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Νe ΝΜ ΝΤ

Fractional Flavor Content

Neutrino Mass Squared

sin2Θ13 1 2 3 sin2Θ23 sin2Θ12 INVERTED msol

2

matm

2