Highlights of the UC-Irvine Global Trace Gas Monitoring Program - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Highlights of the UC-Irvine Global Trace Gas Monitoring Program - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Highlights of the UC-Irvine Global Trace Gas Monitoring Program (1978-2010) Isobel J. Simpson 1 , Simone Meinardi 1 , Mads P. Sulbaek Andersen 1 , Lori Bruhwiler 2 , F. Sherwood Rowland 1 , Donald R. Blake 1 1 University of California-Irvine,

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SLIDE 1

Highlights of the UC-Irvine Global Trace Gas Monitoring Program (1978-2010)

Isobel J. Simpson1, Simone Meinardi1, Mads P. Sulbaek Andersen1, Lori Bruhwiler2,

  • F. Sherwood Rowland1, Donald R. Blake1

1 University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 2 NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO

isimpson@uci.edu

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SLIDE 2

UC-Irvine whole air sampling (WAS)

Canister-based global monitoring

  • 2-L stainless steel
  • Conditioned, evacuated
  • Bellows valve
  • Sampling period:

1 minute

  • Sampling pressure: ambient

Nugget Point, New Zealand (46⁰S) Canister sampling in Rarotonga (21⁰S)

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SLIDE 3

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Seasonal sampling in the Pacific Basin

Seasonal sampling

  • 80 samples per season
  • 40-45 locations
  • 3-week period

Global averaging

  • 16 latitudinal bands
  • Each with equal volume of air
  • Global averaging:
  • 1. Average within each band
  • 2. Interpolate box 15 & 16 values
  • 3. Average 16 band averages
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SLIDE 4

Timeline of global trace gases monitored by UC-Irvine

1978 2011 1978: CH4 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113 CH3CCl3 CCl4

NASA funding began in 1982 Routine seasonal sampling began in 1984

1988: C2Cl4 1996: CHCl3 H-1211 Propane i-Butane n-Butane Ethyne EtONO2 i-PrONO2 2001: MeONO2 1984: Ethane

Biweekly sampling

  • n Norfolk Island

began in 2001 Norfolk Island (29⁰S) March June September December Less frequent sampling in 1991-1992 April August December

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SLIDE 5

Laboratory analysis at UC-Irvine

Gas Chromatography (GC) Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

  • Sensitive to hydrocarbons

Electron Capture Detection (ECD)

  • Sensitive to halocarbons, RONO2

Mass Spectrometer Detection (MSD)

  • Unambiguous compound identification

Laboratory analysis performed by Brent Love

Compound LOD Precision Accuracy Methane 1 ppbv 1% Ethane 3 pptv 1% 5% CFC-11 10 pptv 1% 5% CHCl3 0.1 pptv 5% 5% C2Cl4 0.01 pptv 2% 5% MeONO2 0.01 pptv 3% 10%

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SLIDE 6

UC-Irvine C1-C10 VOC measurements

Hydrocarbons

  • 1. Methane
  • 2. Ethane
  • 3. Ethene
  • 4. Ethyne
  • 5. Propane
  • 6. Propene
  • 7. Propyne
  • 8. i-Butane
  • 9. n-Butane
  • 10. 1-Butene
  • 11. i-Butene
  • 12. t-2-Butene
  • 13. c-2-Butene
  • 14. 1,3-Butadiene
  • 15. i-Pentane
  • 16. n-Pentane
  • 17. Isoprene
  • 18. n-Hexane
  • 19. n-Heptane
  • 20. n-Octane
  • 21. n-Nonane

Hydrocarbons

  • 22. 2,3-Dimethylbutane
  • 23. 2+3-Methylpentane
  • 24. Cyclopentane
  • 25. Methylcyclopentane
  • 26. Cyclohexane
  • 27. Methylcyclohexane
  • 28. Benzene
  • 29. Toluene
  • 30. Ethylbenzene
  • 31. m+p-Xylene
  • 32. o-Xylene
  • 33. Styrene
  • 34. n-Propylbenzene
  • 35. 2-Ethyltoluene
  • 36. 3-Ethyltoluene
  • 37. 4-Ethyltoluene
  • 38. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
  • 39. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
  • 40. 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
  • 41. α-Pinene
  • 42. β-Pinene

Hydrocarbons

  • 43. Furan
  • 44. Methanol
  • 45. Ethanol
  • 46. Acetone
  • 47. Acetaldehyde
  • 48. MEK
  • 49. MAC
  • 50. MVK
  • 51. MTBE

Alkyl Nitrates

  • 52. MeONO2
  • 53. EtONO2
  • 54. i-PrONO2
  • 55. n-PrONO2
  • 56. 2-BuONO2
  • 57. 2-PeONO2
  • 58. 3-PeONO2
  • 59. 3-Me-2-BuONO2

Sulfur Species

  • 60. OCS
  • 61. DMS

Halocarbons

  • 62. CFC-11
  • 63. CFC-12
  • 64. CFC-113
  • 65. CFC-114
  • 66. H-1211
  • 67. H-1301
  • 68. H-2402
  • 69. HFC-134a
  • 70. HFC-152a
  • 71. HCFC-22
  • 72. HCFC-141b
  • 73. HCFC-142b
  • 74. CCl4
  • 75. CH3CCl3
  • 76. CH2Cl2
  • 77. C2HCl3
  • 78. CHCl3
  • 79. C2Cl4
  • 80. CH3Cl
  • 81. CH3Br
  • 82. CH3I
  • 83. CHBr2Cl
  • 84. CHBrCl2

Halocarbons

  • 85. CH2Br2
  • 86. CHBr3
  • 87. Ethylchloride
  • 88. 1,2-DCE

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cycloalkanes Aromatics Monoterpenes Oxygenates Alkyl nitrates Sulfur species Halocarbons

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SLIDE 7

Latitudinal trends

  • Anthropogenic sources:
  • North/South gradient
  • CH4, C2Cl4, CFCs, ethane ...
  • Oceanic sources:
  • Tropical maximum
  • MeONO2, EtONO2 ...

Seasonal trends

  • Many species: major OH sink
  • Winter maximum
  • Summer minimum
  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees) December 2010 20 40 60 80

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees) June 2003 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees) June 2009

Atmospheric lifetimes: Ethane: 2-3 mo Methyl nitrate: 1 mo

Latitudinal and seasonal trends

MeONO2: Strong equatorial oceanic source Ethane: Strong fossil fuel/biomass burning sources

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees) December 2003

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SLIDE 8

Global trends of long-lived halocarbons

Group CFC-11 (2008)* UCI 244.2 ppt NOAA 244.8 ppt AGAGE 243.4 ppt Group CFC-12 (2008)* UCI 532.6 ppt NOAA 535.5 ppt AGAGE 537.4 ppt

*Montzka, S.A. and S. Reimann (Coordinating Lead Authors), Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010

200 220 240 260 280 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year 30 60 90 120 150 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Group CH3CCl3 (2008)* UCI 11.5 ppt NOAA 11.1 ppt AGAGE 10.7 ppt

CFC-12 (CCl2F2)

Lifetime: 100 yrs Peak: ~2004 Decline: –2.5 pptv yr-1 in 2008

CFC-11 (CCl3F)

Lifetime: 45 yrs Peak: ~1993 Decline: –1.9 pptv yr-1 in 2008

CH3CCl3

Lifetime: 5 yrs Peak: ~1991 Decline: –2.2 pptv yr-1 in 2008

400 450 500 550 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Seasonal global average Seasonal global average Seasonal global average

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SLIDE 9

Global C2Cl4 trend: Declining

Long-term global C2Cl4 decline

  • 6.3 ± 0.1 pptv in 1989
  • 2.5 ± 0.1 pptv in 2009
  • 3.8 pptv (60%) decline in 20 years

Tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4) is an industrial solvent (lifetime 3-4 mo). It is carcinogenic and affects the central nervous system.

Dec 1988 Dec 2008 5 10 15 20

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees)

2 4 6 8 10 Seasonal global average 2 4 6 8 10 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

y = 481 - 0.238x R

2= 0.949

Year Annual global average

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SLIDE 10

Global CHCl3 trend: Increasing

Long-term global CHCl3 increase

  • 9.0 ± 0.3 pptv in 1997
  • 10.7 ± 0.4 pptv in 2008
  • ~ 20% increase in 11 years

5 10 15 20 25

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude (degrees) Mar 2002

Chloroform (CHCl3) is an industrial solvent (lifetime 3-5 mo). It is produced as a precursor to Teflon.

2 4 6 8 10 12

y = -308 + 0.157x R

2= 0.108

Norfolk Island (29oS) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1995 2000 2005 2010

y = -287 + 0.148x R

2= 0.488

Year Annual global average

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SLIDE 11

Long-term global CH4 increase

  • 1568 ± 2 ppbv in 1980
  • 1792 ± 1 ppbv in 2010
  • 225 ppbv (14%) increase in 30 years
  • Growth in 2010: 5.3 ± 0.7 ppbv yr-1

Annual CH4 Trends

Global CH4 trend: Increasing, variable

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas. Its sources include wetlands, rice paddies, fossil fuel and biomass burning (lifetime 9 years).

  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 20 25 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Annual global growth

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SLIDE 12

Long-term global ethane decline

  • 791 ± 19 pptv in 1986
  • 625 ± 10 pptv in 2010
  • 170 pptv (21%) decline in 25 years
  • Growth in 2010: 31 ± 11 pptv yr-1

Annual Ethane Trends

Global ethane trend: Declining

Ethane (C2H6) is emitted during fossil fuel production (unburned gas) and by biofuel and biomass burning (lifetime 2-3 months)

550 600 650 700 750 800 850 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Annual global average

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SLIDE 13

Long-term global ethane decline

  • 791 ± 19 pptv in 1986
  • 625 ± 10 pptv in 2010
  • 170 pptv (21%) decline in 25 years
  • Growth in 2010: 31 ± 11 pptv yr-1

Annual Ethane Trends

Global ethane trend: Declining

Ethane (C2H6) is emitted during fossil fuel production (unburned gas) and by biofuel and biomass burning (lifetime 2-3 months)

550 600 650 700 750 800 850

  • 5

5 10 15 20 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Ethane CH4 growth

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SLIDE 14

Global propane trend: Decreasing

Long-term global propane decrease

  • 158 ± 2 pptv in 1998
  • 140 ± 2 pptv in 2008
  • ~ 10% decrease in 10 years

Propane (C3H8) is emitted by fossil fuel production, biofuel and biomass burning, and gasoline exhaust (lifetime 1-2 weeks)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude Dec 1997 Dec 2008

20 40 60 80 100 120

y = 2.89e+3 - 1.43x R

2= 0.0461

Norfolk Island (29oS) 50 100 150 200 1995 2000 2005 2010

y = 2.66e+3 - 1.25x R

2= 0.332

Year Annual global average

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SLIDE 15

Global ethyne trend: Decreasing

Long-term global ethyne decrease

  • 124 ± 3 pptv in 1996
  • 110 ± 2 pptv in 2008
  • ~ 11% decrease in 12 years

Ethyne (C2H2) is a tracer of incomplete combustion by biomass burning and urban fossil fuel (lifetime 2-3 weeks).

40 80 120 160 1995 2000 2005 2010

y = 2.45e+3 - 1.17x R

2= 0.342

Year Annual global average 50 100 150 200

y = 4.29e+3 - 2.11x R

2= 0.0257

Norfolk Island

100 200 300 400 500 600

  • 90
  • 60
  • 30

30 60 90 Latitude Dec 1997 Dec 2008

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SLIDE 16

Conclusions and Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

NASA The Gary Comer Foundation Christine Wiedinmyer (NCAR)

Multi-decade record shows significant trends in global trace gas mixing ratios:

  • Global declines of many halocarbons in response to banning legislation
  • Global declines of many hydrocarbons due to less venting/flaring; vehicle emission controls
  • Global increases of CHCl3, HCFCs and CH4

Global increases:

Halocarbons

  • HCFC-22
  • HCFC-141b
  • HCFC-142b
  • CHCl3

Alkanes

  • Methane

Global declines:

Halocarbons

  • CFC-11 • CCl4
  • CFC-12 • CH3CCl3
  • CFC-113 • CFC-114
  • H-1211 • C2Cl4

Alkanes

  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • i-Butane • n-Butane

Alkynes

  • Ethyne