Great Migration of African- Americans to Hartford 1900 - 1930 Kurt - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Great Migration of African- Americans to Hartford 1900 - 1930 Kurt - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 06, 2023 575 likes •790 views

Perspectives on The Transformation of Hartford through the early 21 St Century: Local, Regional and Global Perspectives Great Migration of African- Americans to Hartford 1900 - 1930 Kurt Schlichting Professor of Sociology Fairfield

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Perspectives on “The Transformation of Hartford through the early 21St Century: Local, Regional and Global Perspectives”

Kurt Schlichting Professor of Sociology Fairfield University

February 8, 2008 Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut

Great Migration of African- Americans to Hartford 1900 - 1930

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I. Introduction

  • Innovative use of GIS to do historical sociology
  • When analyzing Great Migration focus on inner-city - post

WWII

  • Less well understood is the historical process of migration
  • Ex. At beginning of Great Migration (1900 – 1930) where

African-American migrants residentially isolated? When did distinctly African-American neighborhoods emerge? Within the African-American population which subgroups had high/ low socio-economic status and resided in ghetto areas?

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II. GIS Methodology

  • Build digitized street maps of Hartford, CT

Resources: contemporary digitized street map City Directory – 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 Plat maps Insurance maps

  • Geocode: create address range file for each street segment

– verify address ranges with City Directories

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Step 1 - Remove contemporary streets Restore 1920 streets Step 2 – adjust addresses ranges on street segments to 1910 & 1920 address ranges

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III. African-American Population – 1900 - 1930

  • 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 Census – National Archive
  • Ancestry.com
  • Record & code data for all African Americans

1900 N = 1,878 1910 N = 1,812 1920 N = 4,248 1930 N = 6,453

  • Coding scheme: IPUMS – University of Minnesota
  • Add 1910 & 1920 Registration & Voting Data - males 21+

Source: City of Hartford archives

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IV.Residential Patterns – GIS Analysis

  • Use 1910/ 1920 digitized map and geocoded address records for

African-American population

  • Analyze residential patterns at individual level & by spatial

units.

  • African-Americans concentrated in Wards near city center

(Wards: 2, 3, & 5).

  • African-Americans living in the affluent Wards 9 & 10 are

servants living in White households.

  • GIS analysis allows for examination of “clustering” of

population by neighborhood & street and by sub-groups within African – American population.

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V. Change in Residential Patterns from1910 to 1920

  • Dramatic increase in population - New migrants from

Georgia

  • Georgians recruited to work on tobacco farms – move to

Hartford

  • “Chain migration” from Americus Georgia (Master

Thesis: “They Must Make Good: The Migration of African Americans to CT During WWI)

  • National Urban League: “The Negro Population of

Hartford” C. Johnson – Dept. of Research, 1921 150 pages

  • Define 6 African-American neighborhoods
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Urban League Districts

  • 3,4,5 “oldest…most deteriorated – crude Southern

Laborers…ne’er-do-wells…Little attention…to home life…least advanced…criminal…not…uniformly bad…occasional blocks…striking contrast ”

  • 1,2 “distinct improvement in their general aspect…more

home owners…new Negro churches…larger proportion of modernly equipped homes”

  • Create digital map – add to GIS
  • Code all African-Americans by Urban League Districts
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VI. GIS Analysis of Residential clustering – major subgroups 1920:

  • Connecticut, Georgians, Virginians
  • Use radius program/ proximity analysis:

– 1. draw radius around each individual ( .1 mile) – 2. count individuals within radius by subgroup – 3. determine average proportion of residents, within radius around each individual, who are members of same subgroup Analysis limited to heads of households, boarders, lodgers & roomers N = 1570

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Residential Clustering Analysis

Average % subgroup within .1 mile radius % of subgroup in population

Connecticut

23.2 % Connecticut 13.7 %

Virginians

27.0 % Virginians 16.5 %

Georgians

56.9 % Georgians 37.0 %

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  • Georgians most recently arrived African-

Americans

  • Clustered – live in close proximity to other

Georgians

  • 58.1% of Georgians live in Urban League Districts

4, 5, 6

  • Similar pattern to “chain” migration among

European immigrants

Residential Clustering - Georgians

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  • VIII. Conclusions
  • Significant change in African-American population in

Hartford from 1900 to 1930

  • Increase in population includes many migrants from

Georgia

  • Overall residential segregation.
  • Within black population – Georgians are spatially

clustered, living near other members of subgroup. Live in worst of the 6 defined African-American neighborhoods.

  • Research illustrates use of GIS for historical study.
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