[PPT] - Get Ready For Winter And hold on to your profits Rob Snaith 30 PowerPoint Presentation

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Get Ready For Winter

And hold on to your profits

Rob Snaith 30 November 2016

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Housekeeping

Fire alarm
Toilets
Phones off or silent
Facilitators

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Agenda

09.15 Welcome 09.20 Carry out a winter readiness health check 10.20 Heating 10.45 Break 11.05 Lighting 11.30 Staff engagement 12.30 Case study – Glenuig Inn 12.45 Next steps 13.00 Networking lunch

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Carry out a winter readiness health check

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Understanding your current energy use, data and costs

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Sources of data

Manual meter reads
Bills
Half-Hourly or on-line bill data
Floor plans
Benchmarks TM46 (typical / good practice)
Previous audits or feasibility studies
CRC (Carbon Reduction Commitment)
Carbon footprint
Supplier quotes

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Getting data off a bill

Interested in

– Cost per unit (per kWh) – kWh annual – Seasonal patterns – Half-Hourly data if available

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Quick refresh

Energy consumption

= Power (kW) x time (h)

Energy consumption

= Volts (230V) x I (Amps) x h / 1000

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Measuring and monitoring spreadsheet

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Using graphs and charts

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Plan your walk round audit

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Things to consider:

*** Health and Safety ***
Focus areas from data analysis
Ultimate audience
Methodology

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Things to consider:

Prior communication
Timing / how many audits?
Equipment
Flexibility!

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Ultimate audience

Who is this audit for?
What will motivate them to support your recommendations?

– Regulatory compliance – Specific IRR required – Business metrics / KPIs, e.g.

£££ per product output
kWh per FTE
Are there any other decision makers?

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Methodology

Plan the order you’re going to follow Physical order Site plan marked with any elements which impact

n energy use

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Methodology

Physical order

Process flow – follow the energy from

supply/generation to end-use

Drying Pressing Forming Firing Dispatch

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Methodology

Element order
Building - location, situation, orientation
Building – fabric
Space heating: source, distribution and control
Domestic hot water: source, distribution and control

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Methodology

Element order
Lighting – lamps and control
Process energy use
Appliances
Behaviour change/soft measures

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Prior communication

Who on site do you need to speak to beforehand

to ensure you have the access you need?

Outwith this:
Inform staff or blind audit?
Or combination of each?

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Timing/how many audits?

How long do you need?
How many do you need to do?
Shift patterns
Out of hours / shutdown periods
Seasonal fluctuations
Regular performance monitoring

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Equipment

PPE
Clipboard
Camera
Tape measure

/ laser measure

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Analyse your energy use and identify potential improvements

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Real savings to be found

Of the 769 1-2-1 reports produced by Resource Efficient Scotland in 2015/16:

70% had opportunities to make savings on their

lighting – with an average savings of £3,500

70% had opportunities to save money on their

heating – with average savings over £10,000

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Also look out for…

Non-maintained equipment

– Often 5% improvement even if it appears to be in reasonable condition – Compressed air system (leaks or filter replacements)

Poor condition

– Running hot – Running slow – Dirty or obscured – Leaks (hot water, steam, compressed air)

Out of hours usage

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Controls

– Activity patterns don’t match building services – Equipment run times don’t match production – Settings changed on ad-hoc basis – No record sheets – Controls set to manual – Timers for BST or GMT? – Controls type

Daily timer
7 day timer
7 day timer with optimised start
BMS

– Thermostats in poor locations (draughts or solar gain) – Sensors/thermostats not working – Heating and cooling working against each other k

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Drying rooms – use dehumidifiers rather than heating
Server rooms - use ventilation rather then refrigerant cooling
Mini BMS / smartphone app controls

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Thermal Imaging

Can be used to identify

– Poor building insulation – Poor pipework insulation – Inefficient equipment

Survey needs to be properly timed

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Exercise – a virtual audit

Split into groups of 2 or 3
Study each photograph for 2 minutes
Note as many potential energy saving opportunities as you can
Make a note of the three most relevant to your organisation.

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A

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B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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G

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H

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I

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J

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K

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L

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M

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N

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How much CO2?

Rule of thumb: (see DECC carbon factors for exact conversion factors)

£100

Saved on oil, gas or electricity

500kg of CO2 0.5t of CO2

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~ ~

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Building the business case

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k Two questions from your finance department/boss/MD: 1.“How much is all this going to cost us?” 2.“When do we get our money back?” And the other questions they should be asking:

1. Any other H&S considerations
2. Any other benefits?

Building the business case

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1. “How much is all this going to cost us?”

a) Rough estimate – price books on the internet, SPONS b) Quotes from contractors or suppliers Be aware: When looking at lighting control options, everything is context dependent:

accessibility of wiring
access to site

So it is safest to get firm quotes where any electrical work is involved

Building the business case

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k PAYBACK INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN NET PRESENT VALUE

2. “When do we get our money back?”

Building the business case:

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Building the business case: payback

Simple Payback Period:

The amount of time in years that it takes for an

investment to be repaid by the savings it achieves

Ignores maintenance costs
Ignores savings through improved longevity

(as long as the payback period is less than the expected life of the equipment)

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Simple Payback Period = Cost of measure Savings achieved per annum

= X Years

Building the business case: payback

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 8 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 400W Operating hours per annum 2,500 Total kWhpa 1,000 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 SAVING Cost of PIR Fitted Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 8 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 400W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 SAVING Cost of PIR Fitted Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 8 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 400W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 416 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 SAVING Cost of PIR Fitted Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 8 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 400W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 416 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 £54 SAVING Cost of PIR Fitted Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 8 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 400W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 416 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 £54 SAVING £76 per annum Cost of PIR Fitted Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 4 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 200W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 208 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 £54 SAVING £76 per annum Cost of PIR Fitted £70 Simple Payback period

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Existing New Number of halogen lamps 8 4 Wattage 50W 50W (no change) Total wattage 400W 200W Operating hours per annum 2,500 50 (visits) x 5/60 x 5 x 50 = 1041 Total kWhpa 1,000 208 Annual Cost at 13p/kWh £130 £27 SAVING £76 per annum Cost of PIR Fitted £70 Simple Payback period 76 / 70 = 11 months

Improvement measure: introduce PIR control

Building the business case: worked example

WC Lighting in a single-shift factory 50 wks/yr 5 days/wk

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Rationale
Description of the measure
Costs including quotes
Payback
Any other benefits
Any H&S considerations

Building the business case: summary

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Understanding and controlling your current energy use for space heating

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Types of heat

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What is thermal comfort?

Different for every person – Air temperature – Radiant temperature of surfaces – Relative humidity – Air movement – Metabolic heat / activity level – Clothing – Well being

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Personal comfort systems

Low power devices provide

heating and cooling

Claim up to 50% savings on

heating costs for offices

Allow individuals to control their
wn thermal-environment

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What are sources of heating?

People
Thermal mass
Insolation
IT
Cooling equipment
Process equipment
Heating system

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Understanding the units

Electricity Example A 1-bar electric fire has a power rating of 1kW Running for one hour uses 1kWh Assuming 13p per kWh = 13p per hour Gas Example A 27kW domestic gas boiler runs at a duty rate of 30% on a cold evening so the average power rating is 8.1kW Running for one hour uses 8.1kWh Assuming 4p per kWh = 32p per hour Energy is measured in kWh – kilowatt-hour One kWh is one unit on an electricity or gas bill A kilowatt-hour is the energy used by a 1000 watts appliance running for an hour

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Electric heating

Some buildings will use direct resistive heating

either for direct panel heaters or air-conditioning units

If you only have one electricity bill then you can make

a quick estimate that 50% of electricity is used for heating and 50% is used for all other electricity needs

Some electrically heated sites will have a separate

circuit supply storage heaters on a cheaper rate.

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Worked example

Q: Average gas cost for last 3 years is £6,300

– how many kWh of gas is being used if last bill says the unit rate is £0.04?

A: Answer gas kWh

= [gas cost £] / [unit cost in £/kWh] = £6,300/£0.04 = 157,500 kWh

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Worked example

Q: We know that 5 x 2kW electric bar fires are also

being used as supplementary heating for 8 hours

n 100 days per year.
How much is this costing compared to the gas?
The unit rate for electricity is £0.12/kWh

A: kWh of electricity = 10kW x 8 hours x 100 hours

= 8000kWh Cost of electricity = 8000kWh x £0.12/kWh = £960

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External factors

Identify other influences on your data:

Cost
Outside temperature or weather conditions

e.g. degree days

(www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/degreedays.php#degreeday)

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Benchmarking

To allow comparison between buildings it is useful

to compare kWh/m2/year (kilowatt-hours per square meter per year)

So for a 20m x 50m factory = 1000m2
Considering the previous example with 157,500kWh
Consumption per m2 = 157,500/1000 =

157.5kWh/m2/year

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Benchmarks for heating (CIBSE TM46)

Building type Fossil-thermal typical benchmark kWh/m2/year General office 120 Large non food shop 170 Bar, pub 350 Hotel 330 Workshop 180 Fitness and Health Centre 440 Storage Facility 150

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Reduce uncontrolled air leakage

Doors
Windows
Other draughts
Check ventilation levels are correct

for current activities

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Consider LEV (local extract ventilation) for dusty or fume

filled environments to reduce heat losses

Reduce uncontrolled air leakage

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Consider mechanical heat recovery

Air-to-Air heat exchangers can save up to 50% of heating consumption

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Heating distribution and control

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What do we mean by heat distribution?

The system that delivers heat from source to

point of use

Usually ‘wet system’ with radiators
Or air source heat pump
Offers good potential for savings via improved

controls

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Insulate pipework

– In plant rooms (easy fix velcro attachments are available for awkward flanges and bends) – Consider insulating distribution pipework if it does not contribute useful heat

Keep space around space heaters free

– Avoid files, desks and furniture up against heaters – Leave 15cm between radiators and furniture

Record your heating system settings

– Use a simple record sheet to record date and change made – Put dates in the diary (clock changes), Xmas holidays to change settings as needed

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Warm air distribution systems

May be HVAC system with gas boiler or ASHP

– Some HVAC systems can be adapted to make use

f free cooling (cold outside air) and excess heat internal to

the buildings (e.g. server rooms) – Consult a specialist

Consider VSDs (Variable Speed Drives) for HVAC and circulation

pumps

Ensure a dead band of 4 degrees C is set between heating and

cooling

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Typical heating controls

Time clocks
System thermostat
Localised thermostats such as thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs)
Zone controls (BEMS)

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Types of time control

Time clock

– Set start and finish times each day

7 day timer

– Set for earlier start on Monday morning

Optimised heating controller

– Uses inside and outside temperature sensors – Learns your building heat up time for different temperatures – Switches on as late as possible

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Switch your heating off early

– Many buildings store heat effectively – People and IT can maintain the building temperature from mid-afternoon – Try moving your switch off time back an hour

Consider hot-desking

– Heat from occupants is concentrated in one area – Switch off heating earlier in un-occupied areas

Make sure colleagues understand controls

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Set appropriate temperatures

– Office / low activity 20°C – Workshop / high activity 16-18°C – Turning down setpoint by 1°C could save circa 8%

Locate thermostats carefully

– Not near doors – Not in sun

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Control heat gains

In shops

– Large heat gains from display lighting and refrigeration

In offices

– From occupants and electrical equipment

In factories

– From processes such as cooking, welding

In many lightweight buildings

– Solar gains through thin walls and glazing

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De-stratification fans

Useful for high ceiling premises with a large variation

in temperature with height and a reasonably well insulated and air tight building

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Interlocked heating controls
Fast opening roller-shutter doors
Air curtains
Flexible doors

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Boiler replacement and fuel switching

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Fuel switching

Consider switching if you are using a high price

fuel such as oil (but has reduced recently), LPG or electricity (day tariff).

Alternatives are
Natural gas
Biomass
Heat Pumps – Air, Ground or Water – source.

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Biomass

Burns wood in one of three forms
Logs (Large scale, low fuel costs)
Chips
Pellets (Smaller scale, higher fuel

cost)

High level of automation
Very low carbon factor
If sustainable fuel!

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Biomass – free procurement guide

www.resourceefficientscotland.com/resource/ procurement-support-how-carry-out-successful-biomass-heating-project

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Heat Pumps

Air Source – coefficient of performance (COP)
f 2 to 3
Ground Source – COP of 3 to 5
Move heat rather than create it

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Renewable Heat Incentive

Government funded subsidy for renewable heat projects
Paid quarterly per kWh of heat produced
Rate fixed at commissioning and then paid for 20 years

(index linked)

Helps pay for higher costs of renewable equipment
Typical paybacks around 8-12 years

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Radiant Heat

Heat surfaces not space

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Understanding and controlling your current energy use for lighting

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How does lighting work?

Type Operation Efficiency (Lumens per Watt) Lifetime in hours Incandescent/ Tungsten Electric resistance heats filament to ~2500 degrees C in inert gas. 15 1000 Fluorescent Lighting High voltage used to ionise mercury into a

vapour. This causes electrons to emit UV

photons which is converted to visible light by phosphor coating on the inside of the tube 50-100 10,000 – 20,000 LED Voltage applied to a semiconductor junction emits photons Up to 100* 40,000

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Incandescent (Tungsten) Halogen CFL Fluorescent T12: 38mm 1.5” (2p) T8: 25mm 1” (1p) T5: 16mm 5/8” (5p)

Types of lighting

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LEDs

Types of lighting 2

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Discharge Lighting

Types of lighting 3

Metal Halide SON / Sodium Vapour Lamp

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Characteristics

f lighting

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Why is getting lighting characteristics right important?

Safety
Productivity – studies have shown decreased stress

and increased productivity

Cost efficiency
CO2 emissions
Resource efficiency
Match with existing lighting

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Illuminance (lux levels)

Office 300 Lux
Drawing Office 500 Lux
Corridor 100 Lux
Spot Welding 500-1000 Lux
Full Sunshine >20,000 Lux

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Lighting and perception – human factors

The lux level is not the only measure of how ‘bright’

a space feels.

Walls and ceiling colours are important
Light cast on the ceiling/walls is important
High contrast in intensity between light sources

causes eye-strain (e.g. bright window to side of computer monitor)

Glare from shiny surfaces can be a problem

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Think lumens not watts!

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Understanding your current energy use, data and costs for lighting

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Understanding the units

A 1-bar electric fire has a power rating of 1kW Running for an hour it uses 1kWh Assuming 13p per kWh = 13p per hour Electricity consumption is measured in kWh – kiloWatt-Hour A kWh is an amount of electricity – 1 unit on a bill A kiloWatt-Hour is the energy consumed when 1000 watts or 1kW runs for one hour The cost of a kWh varies 25 lamps on for 1 hour each using 20Watts will together use 0.5kWh Assuming 13p per kWh = 6.5p per hour

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Two approaches to estimating energy use for lighting

1. Top-down approach
Look at electricity bill(s)
Arrive at an annual consumption figure (net of standing charges)
Estimate proportion of energy used for lighting and apply to bill
2. Bottom-up Approach
Identify all lamp types (interior and exterior)
Count numbers of each lamp type – in each location
Estimate running hours per day of each location, and days per year
Calculate total energy used for lighting

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Use the top-down estimate to calibrate the bottom-up estimate (or vice versa) You have not included a section of lighting in your spreadsheet If top-down > bottom-up:

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You have overestimated the proportion of energy used for lighting You have overestimated run-times of certain lamps, or days per year If top-down < bottom-up:

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You have underestimated the proportion of energy used for lighting

Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches

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Available online: (add URL)

Estimating the cost of lighting: free lighting cost calculator

www.resourceefficientscotland.com/resource/lighting-costs-calculator

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Lighting control strategies

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Making the most of natural light

1. Ensure windows are clean 2. Remove furniture or other obstructions 3. Mount blinds above or to the side to avoid

bstructing the light

4. Locate desks near windows but consider glare

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In a commercial environment no-one has clear

responsibility for lighting control

More energy is often saved through improved control

than through lamp replacement

Lighting control

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Lighting control

Presence detection Timer Daylight sensor (photocell)

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k PIR with manual override Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Microwave

Lighting control: presence detection

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WCs
Store rooms
Corridors
Meeting rooms

Common mistake: setting the controls too short in WCs

Lighting control: presence detection

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Lighting control: daylight sensors (photocells)

Most commonly used at present in exterior locations
No reason why it shouldn’t be used internally
Requires appropriate zoning of lights

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k Zoning lights Lights parallel to windows: Sensor Lights deeper in room: No sensor This room requires 3 zones – the daylight varies throughout the day

Lighting control: daylight sensors (photocells)

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Lamp replacement

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k Before you start:

Ensure that lighting is sufficient

for the tasks being performed – this is a good time to increase lux levels if required.

Look for any areas which could

be over-lit. Lower levels of light in corridors can be restful – as long as they are safe. (Check with your H&S officer)

Lamp replacement

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Tungsten filament CFL

The answer depends on your investment horizons. LEDs cost much more than CFLs or Eco Halogens so require greater capital outlay and take longer to repay the investment, but last longer and will lead to a reduced maintenance bill and less disruption. The payback period also depends on your run hours per annum.

Lamp replacement: Incandescent / tungsten lamps (GLS)

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LED

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T12 40W LED 11W

The answer depends on your investment horizons. LEDs cost much more than T5s so require greater capital outlay and take longer to repay the investment, but last longer and will lead to a reduced maintenance bill and less disruption. The payback period also depends on your run hours per annum.

Lamp replacement: fluorescent lighting

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GU10 50W

Lamp replacement: halogens

Again, the answer depends on your investment horizons. LEDs cost more than Eco Halogens so require greater capital outlay and take longer to repay the investment, but LEDs last longer so could produce a higher net saving in the long run. The payback period also depends on your run hours per annum.

LED 4W

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Do I replace all my lamps in one go or wait until they fail?

To discard a working lamp results in a “wasted asset”
Resource efficiency is about more than just energy use and carbon emissions
The answer depends on a number of factors:
Difficulty of accessing lamps (if access equipment is needed then it makes

sense to replace all the lamps in a selected area)

Length of run time per day
Investment horizons
Availability of cash
Work out the “Whole Life Cost”

Lamp replacement: All or Part?

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Impact of simple behaviour change measures

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We normally just leave the lights on when we go and the cleaners turn them off when they’re done

“ ”

Impact of simple behaviour change measures

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k Normal leaving time: 17:00-18:00 Cleaners arrive: 20:00 So … let’s investigate the saving from instituting a custom where the last person to leave the office switches off the lights.

Impact of simple behaviour change measures

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k Normal leaving time: 17.00-18.00 Cleaners arrive: 20.00 Daily saving: 2 hours Annual saving: £362 per annum for a small office

Impact of simple behaviour change measures

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The principles of behaviour change

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What do we mean?

Awareness raising, engagement, communications… Behaviour change is much more. You need to understand why people behave in certain ways, then communicate the benefit of making the change. The ultimate goal is not just to change behaviour but to ESTABLISH & SUSTAIN IT over time

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Behavioural Economics

Other people’s behaviour matters
Habits are important
People are motivated to ‘do the right thing’
People’s self-expectations influence how they behave
People need to feel involved and effective to make a change

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Ability, motivation and trigger

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What is ability?

The degree to which someone has the skills or tools

to carry out the behaviour

It can be time, attention or resources
External factors can influence ability

e.g. the right infrastructure

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What’s in it for me?

Receiving positive feedback
Wellbeing
Being given interesting new challenges
Feeling pride
Satisfaction for doing something well
Seeing their team perform well
Money

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Finding the trigger

The primary reasons for not changing are ‘lack of

time’ or it not being the norm

You need to prompt staff to carry out the

behaviour

Trigger points are moments in time when an

action is more likely to take place – Times of the day – Changes in the norm

Different audiences will have different triggers

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The importance of engaging staff

Reduced costs
Increased productivity
Enhanced brand reputations
Attract and keep employees
Minimise wasteful practices

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The 4Es

Change

Enable Engage Exemplify Encourage

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The 4Es

Change

Enable Engage Exemplify Encourage

Skills
Knowledge

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The 4Es

Change

Enable Engage Exemplify Encourage

Communicate
Involve
Ask for feedback
Explain the

benefits

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The 4Es

Change

Enable Engage Exemplify Encourage

Senior managers
Influencers
Champions
Green Team

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The 4Es

Change

Enable Engage Exemplify Encourage

Incentives
Competitions
Job description
Reporting
Say thank you

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Building the foundations for change

1. Green Teams

To facilitate change and maintain momentum

2. Staff training

Train staff to understand the challenges and support change

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