ge ts: Mo ving tar Re putatio nal r isk, r ights and ac c o - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
ge ts: Mo ving tar Re putatio nal r isk, r ights and ac c o untability in punishme nt Source: Correctional Investigator of Canada Pro fe sso r K e lly Ha nna h-Mo ffa t Unive rsity o f T o ro nto ha nna h.mo ffa t@ uto ro nto .c a Recent
Pro fe sso r K e lly Ha nna h-Mo ffa t Unive rsity o f T
ha nna h.mo ffa t@ uto ro nto .c a
Source: Correctional Investigator of Canada
1959 1960 1972 1973 1975 1976 1977 1980 1982 1992 1995
Par
and Na tio na l Pa ro le Bo a rd
Canadian Bill o f Rights
Ab o rig ina l E lde rs in F e de ra l Pe nite ntia rie s Ab o litio n o f Co rpo ra l Punishme nt Cre a tio n o f Offic e o f the Co rre c tio na l Inve stig a to r
Standar d Minimum Rule s fo r the T r e atme nt o f Pr iso ne r s
Ab o litio n o f the De a th Pe na lty
1978
Inde pe nde nt Cha irpe rso n fo r Adjudic a ting Disc iplina ry Ma tte rs Wo me n Co rre c tio na l Offic e rs in Ma le Institutio ns
Mar tine au
a nd the Duty to Ac t F a irly
Canadian Char te r
Rights and F r e e do ms Co r r e c tio ns and Co nditio nal Re le ase Ac t
Re g io na l F a c ilitie s fo r Wo me n Offe nde rs
Co mme mo ra ting the 50th Annive rsa ry
the Unite d Na tio ns Unive rsa l De c la ra tio n
Source: Correctional Service of Canada
De b a te s a re te mpo ra l a nd spa tia l; sha pe d b y b ro a de r so c ia l c o nte xt a nd po litic s
F
F ra me the pro b le m a s an e nfo rc e me nt issue
F
So urc e : Ca na d ia n Asso c ia tio n o f E liza b e th F ry So c ie tie s
Ho w institutio ns think a b o ut a nd re spo nd to
c a lls fo r inc re a se d a c c o unta b ility to rule o f la w a nd huma n rig hts?
Ho w do pe na l a dministra to rs a tte mpt to
pro te c t rig hts, while simulta ne o usly mitig a ting risk a nd justifying e xtre me inte rve ntio ns (pro lo ng e d iso la tio n, c he mic a l se da tio n, re stra int, fo rc e , a nd insuffic ie nt he a lth c a re )?
Are ne w mo de s o f a na lysis a nd
a dvo c a c y re q uire d
1.
Priso ne rs’ rig hts b e c o me ‘ risks’ to b e ma na g e d.
2.
By e xa mining the ‘ a g e nc y do c ume nts’ (Rile s
2006, Jo hns 2013), a nd ‘ mic ro -po litic s o f tro ub le ’ (E me rso n 2008, 2010 in Ca la vita a nd Je nne ss 2013), we
e xpo se ho w rig hts-info rme d priso n g o ve rna nc e va rio usly fo c use s o n the ma na g e me nt o f e ve nts inste a d o f individua ls.
3.
E me rg e nt fo rms o f rig hts-b a se d risk ma na g e me nt a re ne utra lizing a nd impe ding le g a l mo b iliza tio n o f rig hts a s we ll a s pe na l c ulture whe re in rig hts a re inc re a sing ly ha rd to c la im.
Do c ume nta ry a na lysis o f:
re po rts o f de a ths in c usto dy a nd inq ue sts pe rta ining to
e ve nts a t priso ns;
CSC re po rts o n the ir institutio na l re spo nse s to the se
inc ide nt;
re po rts o f the Offic e o f the Co rre c tio na l I
nve stig a to r (o mb udsma n), Ca na dia n Huma n Rig hts Co mmissio n, Audito r Ge ne ra l a nd Advo c a c y o rg a niza tio ns tha t de ta il rig hts a nd pro c e dura l c o nc e rns. K
no wle dg e a c q uire d fro m:
b e ing a n e xpe rt witne ss a nd po lic y a dviso r in two o f the
mo st se nsa tio na l inc ide nts in Ca na dia n wo me n’ s c o rre c tio ns - the Arb o ur I nq uiry (1994) a nd the Ashle y Smith I nq ue st (o ng o ing ) - a s we ll a s two Charte r o f Rig hts and F re e do ms c a se s.
re vie wing ho urs o f vide o ta pe s a nd tho usa nd o f pa g e s o f
e vide nc e , inte rvie w tra nsc ripts, e tc .
inte rvie ws with po lic y ma ke rs a nd a tte nda nc e a t
sta ke ho lde r me e ting s.
‘ F unny thing is tha t I like d Ashle y. She ha d so me g o o d q ua litie s. She wa s funny, whe n she wa s c ho king he rse lf, I wa s he a rtb ro ke n.’ – c o rre c tio na l o ffic e r (RT
J)
Photos: CBC News
“I n re a lity, this g irl wa s living in a c e ll in whic h a ll the flo o r tile s we re re mo ve d, a ll the lig ht fixture s we re g o ne , a nd the sprinkle r ha d b e e n c o ve re d. T he y re tro fitte d the se g sho we r so she c o uldn’ t g e t a ny pie c e s o f me ta l. She wa s o nly e ve r a llo we d two pie c e s o f to ile t pa pe r a t a time . She wa sn’ t a llo we d a fo o d tra y. We ha d no wa y o f kno wing if she wa s a c tua lly ta king he r me dic a tio n. We do n’ t e ve n ha ve dire c t o b se rva tio n ro o ms. She wo uld lie do wn o n the flo o r in fro nt o f the fo o d slo t o n the drie d ta r le ft fro m the tile a dhe sive , rig ht a g a inst the do o r whe re we c o uldn’ t se e he r we ll.” - (RT
J – q uo te c o rre c tio na l o ffic e r)
De a th o f K
ine w Ja me s, in the Re g io na l Psyc hia tric Ce ntre in Sa ska to o n, o the r ma le de a ths in c usto dy
T
he b irth o f a b a b y o n a dirty c e ll flo o r to a re ma nde d priso ne r
Pe nding huma n rig hts
c a se s pe rta ining to the pro lo ng e d use o f so lita ry c o nfine me nt le a ding to le g a l c ha lle ng e s fo r tho se de e me d diso rde rly(i.e . Hisc o c ks and MCS/Vanie r Ce ntre fo r Wo me n; Wo rm v. Re g ina)
Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator of Canada
Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator of Canada
T
he c o ntinue d a nd e sc a la ting use o f punitive te c hniq ue s suc h a s lo ng te rm se g re g a tio n, se a rc he s, lo c k do wns, va rio us type s o f fo rc e in re spo nse to re sista nt b e ha vio ur;
Ove rlo a de d a nd ill-
e q uippe d sta ff;
Ne e d fo r o ng o ing
wo me n-c e ntre d sta ff tra ining ;
Co ntra dic to ry a nd
unc le a r po lic ie s;
Ab se nc e o f c o mmunity
re le a se a nd wo rk re le a se o ptio ns fo r wo me n.
Ab se nc e o f me nta l he a lth se rvic e s fo r wo me n
with a c ute psyc ho lo g ic a l a nd psyc hia tric ne e ds
Ab se nc e o f g e nde r-a ppro pria te c la ssific a tio n
to o ls
Co ntinue d o ve r-c la ssific a tio n o f Ab o rig ina l
wo me n
Ne e d fo r impro ve d a c c e ss to pro g ra ms
a nd se rvic e s spe c ific ally de sig ne d to me e t the ne e ds o f wo me n
Co nc e rn fo r due pro c e ss a nd the pro te c tio n o f huma n rig hts
“de spite this ple tho ra
no rmative re q uire me nts,
se e s little e vide nc e o f the will to yie ld prag matic c o nc e rns to the dic tate s o f a le g al o rde r. T he
Rule of L aw is abse nt, although r ule s ar e e ve r ywhe r e ”
(Arb o ur 1997:180).
“One must re sist the te mptatio n to trivialize the infring e me nt o f priso ne rs’ rig hts as e ithe r an insig nific ant infring e me nt o f rig hts, o r as an infring e me nt o f the rig hts o f pe o ple who do no t de se rve any b e tte r. Whe n a rig ht has b e e n g rante d b y law, it is no le ss impo rtant that suc h rig ht b e re spe c te d b e c ause the pe rso n e ntitle d to it is a priso ne r.” — Ma da m Justic e L
bour , 1996
“We re spe c t the dig nity o f individuals, the rig hts
human g ro wth and de ve lo pme nt.”
— Cor r e c tiona l Se r vic e of Ca na da
I nte rna tio na l Huma n Rig hts Ob lig a tio ns (i.e ., UN Minimum sta nd a rd s o f the tre a tme nt o f priso ne rs)
Co nstitutio na l rig hts (i.e ., Charte r o f Rig hts and F re e do ms)
Do me stic la ws (i.e ., CCRA, CHRA, Priva c y, Ac c e ss, OL )
CSC Po lic y (i.e ., c o mmissio ne rs d ire c tive s; re g io na l instruc tio ns a nd sta nd ing o rd e rs; po lic y ma nua ls)
F a ir a nd tra nspa re nt d e c isio n-ma king
UN De c la ra tio n o n the T re a tme nt o f F e ma le Priso ne rs
1.
Priso ne rs’ rig hts b e c o me o rg a niza tio na l ‘ risks’ to b e stra te g ic a lly / e ffic ie ntly ma na g e d.
2.
Sho w ho w the ‘ a g e nc y o f do c ume nts’ a nd the ‘ mic ro po litic s o f tro ub le ’ shift e mpha sis fro m the pe na l sub je c t to the pe na l e ve nt (a c o mpe ting a nd c o e xisting stra te g y o f re g ula tio n).
3.
E me rg e nt fo rm o f risk ma na g e me nt ne utra lize rig hts c la ims a nd pro duc e a ske we d se nse o f ‘ no rma l o r ro utine ’ e ve nts.
Re po rt: Huma n rig hts in Co rre c tio ns: A stra te g ic mo de l (1997)
Se nsa tio na l inc ide nts c re a te a ‘ re puta tio na l c risis’
(Po we r 2004)
Po sitio ns huma n rig hts a s o pe ra tio na l risks to b e ma na g e d a lo ng side o the r mo re munda ne ma na g e ria l c o nc e rns. (CF
, Murphy a nd Whitty 2007)
T he pra c tic e s o f re puta tio na l risk ma na g e me nt re sult in so me pro c e dura l c ha ng e s b ut fe w sub sta ntive c ha ng e s o r stre ng the ne d pro te c tio ns fo r priso ne rs
T he ple thor
a of r ule s a nd polic ie s a nd the ne e ds for pa pe r wor k Arb o ur re c o mme nds
a nd the e ffo rts to imple me nt the se c a lls fo r a c c o unta b le a nd tra nspa re nt pe na l g o ve rna nc e , c a n be unde r
stood a s buffe r ing pr isons fr
isk of inve stig ations tha t c a n re sult fro m pre ssure
fro m a dvo c a te s, the g ua rds’ unio n, inte nse me dia c o ve ra g e a nd pub lic b ro a dc a st o f rig hts vio la tio ns tha t ma y a lso re sult in c o nside ra b le pub lic c ritic ism fro m ma ny a re na s, a s we ll a s re la te d q ue stio ns a b o ut due pro c e ss, huma ne tre a tme nt, a nd a c c o unta b ility
1.
T he o ve ra ll purpo se o f the mo de l is to pro vide :
‘satisfac tor
y and de monstr able ’ c omplianc e with human r ights obligations;
e ffic ie nt syste ms fo r a c hie ving a nd e va lua ting
c o mplia nc e with huma n rig hts rule s;
a me a ns fo r ide ntifying a nd c o rre c ting
syste mic huma n rig hts pro b le ms;
a n appr
iate ly tailor e d c ommunic ations pr
am.
Source: Correctional Service of Canada
De ve lo ping pe rfo rma nc e da ta ; A b a la nc e o f g o o d a nd ne ws in pre se nting its o wn re c o rd; Be ing mo re upfro nt a b o ut the limits o f institutio na l
pro g ra mming ;
Re info rc ing the me ssa g e tha t o ffe nde rs with g re a tly
va rying le ve ls o f so c ia l risk a re a c o mmuna l re spo nsib ility;
Pro mo ting a b e tte r pub lic unde rsta nding o f ho w to
a c hie ve the b e st po ssib le mix o f c o ntro l a nd a ssista nc e ;
Cre a ting me dia o ppo rtunitie s; Ma king mo re o f sta tistic a l a nd individua l suc c e sse s; Pro mptly c o unte ring a dve rse pre ss with we ll-a rg ue d
fa c tua lly c o nvinc ing re spo nse s.
Rule s pro vide the pre te nse o f a c c o unta b ility a nd tra nspa re nc y
Mo re a b o ut institutio na l pro te c tio nism a nd re puta tio na l thre a ts — b ut it is re a lly a b o ut pro te c ting the institutio n fro m le g a l c ha lle ng e s tha n sub sta ntive justic e
Ashle y Smith did no t ha ve to die ,“But a t e ve ry ste p o f the wa y, c o rre c tio na l o ffic e rs we re pre ve nte d fro m do ing the ir jo b s b y se nio r a nd lo c a l ma na g e rs a t Co rre c tio na l Se rvic e Ca na da (CSC), who we re mor
e c onc e r ne d about public r e lations than what was happe ning inside our institutions for wome n."
Na tio na l Pre side nt Pie rre Ma lle tte
Hundre ds o f Offic e r Sta te me nt/ Ob se rva tio n Re po rts fro m the se institutio ns de ta il a c o nsta nt lita ny o f inte rve ntio ns with Ashle y Smith.
Re vie ws o f I nc ide nts a re de c o nc o nte xtua lize d, iso la te d to the inc ide nt a nd re vie we d fo r the c o mplia nc e with rule s.
Co ntra st to the ima g e o f a c a se file tha t o ffe rs a ho listic pic ture o f the pe na l sub je c t.
Priso ne rs c o ntinua lly o b se rve d a nd info rma tio n is re c o rde d in multiple wa ys a nd ‘ sig ne d o ff’ (inc ide nt re po rts, duty lo g s, use o f fo rc e re po rts vide o ta pe s a nd , pro c e dura l c o mplia nc e a udits).
Re sista nc e o r de sig na tio ns o f ‘ hig h risk’ le g itima te ‘ a dditio na l’ re stric tio ns o n lib e rty (punishme nt b e yo nd impriso nme nt).
Be ing a c c o unta b le a nd tra nspa re nt while missing the b ig pic ture .
Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator of Canada Source: National Post
Inte rve ntio n Pla n Pre g na nt Inma te s Vid e o -Re c o rd ing Strip Se a rc h Re c o rd ing De c o nta mina tio n Physic a l Asse ssme nt Co mple tio n o f the Inc id e nt Re po rting Re q uire me nts Re vie w o f the Inc id e nt Re g io na l Re vie w Na tio na l Re vie w
Co mmissio ne r's Dire c tive : 567-1
Pro c e dure s:
Source: CBC News
Use o f fo rc e re po rts le g itimize e xc e ptio na l sa nc tio ns.
4 func tio ns o f use o f fo rc e re po rts:
1.
Do c ume nt the c ha o tic e nviro nme nt c re a te d b y re sista nt inma te s;
2.
L e g itimize s the use o f a uste re fo rms o f c o ntro l b e c a use it is se e n a s ne c e ssa ry;
3.
He lps c o nc e ptua lize disruptive inma te s a s a thre a t to priso n se c urity;
4.
Pro duc e s a pa pe r tra il o f visua l a nd pa pe r e vide nc e tha t pro c e dure s we re fo llo we d .
Counse l que stione d: Wo uld
yo u no t a g re e tha t in this situa tio n b e ing in se g re g a tio n a nd re stra ints is pre fe ra b le to de a th?
Photos: CBC News
“Be c a use e a c h e ntra nc e into
Smith’ s c e ll to fo rc ib ly re mo ve instrume nts o f se lf-ha rm wa s c a ta lo g ue d a s a ‘ Use o f F
in CSC sta tistic s, ma na g e rs we re wo rrie d a b o ut the ir pub lic ima g e in this c a se , a nd or
de r e d c or r e c tional offic e r s to manage inmate Smith in ways that would r e duc e r e por ts of Use of F
c e .
T he re sult o f this ma na g e me nt stra te g y is c le a r fo r a ll to se e .”
he Unio n o f Ca na dia n Co rre c tio na l Offic e rs
Re stric ts kno wle dg e
pro duc tio n ne e de d fo r le g a l mo b iliza tio n.
Pe rpe tua te s a pe na l c ulture
whe re in rig hts a re inc re a sing ly ha rd to c la im.
T
he ina b ility to ‘ kno w’ the who le c o nte xt me a ns tha t a c o unte r na rra tive is diffic ult to c o nstruc t.
Sile nc ing o f c ritic s/ a dvo c a te s
who a re c o mplic it in the ‘ fa ile d so lutio ns’ a nd b ro ug ht to the ta b le a s ‘ sta ke ho lde rs’
Source: City News Source: Vancouver Sun
1.
Priso ne rs’ rig hts b e c o me ‘ risks’ to b e ma na g e d.
2.
E me rg e nt fo rms o f rig hts-b a se d risk ma na g e me nt a re ne utra lizing rig hts, a s we ll a s pe rpe tua ting a pe na l c ulture whe re in rig hts a re inc re a sing ly ha rd to c la im.
3.
Shift fro m the pe na l sub je c t to the pe na l e ve nt (c o mpe ting a nd c o e xisting stra te g ie s o f re g ula tio n).
4.
E xa mine ho w e xisting no rms ha ve de ve lo pe d a nd wha t kno wle dg e pra c tic e s a nd e xpe rie nc e s a nd te nde nc ie s the y a ppe a r to fo ste r.
Source: CBC News Source: CBC News
Wha t do e s me a ning ful pe na l a c c o unta b ility lo o k like ?
Wha t ha ppe ns to the I nte g rity o f the se nte nc e whe n the e xpe rie nc e o f impriso nme nt is inc o nsiste nt a nd unpre dic ta b le ?
“Re spe c t fo r the individual rig hts o f priso ne rs will re main illuso ry unle ss a me c hanism is de ve lo pe d to b ring ho me to the Co rre c tio nal Se rvic e the se rio us c o nse q ue nc e s o f inte rfe ring with the inte g rity o f a se nte nc e b y mismanag ing
he administratio n o f a se nte nc e is part o f the administratio n o f justic e ” (Arb o ur 1997:183)
1996 1997 1999 2010
Ar bour Commission – ma nd a te d b y the So lic ito r Ge ne ra l o f Ca na d a to inve stig a te a nd
re po rt o n a n inc id e nt tha t o c c urre d a t the Priso n fo r Wo me n in April 1994. T he re p o rt ar
gue s
tha t r
e spe c t for the r ule of law and a c ultur e of r ights we re not e vide nt in c or r e c tional pr ac tic e , in spite of a ple thor a of laws and polic ie s aime d to the c ontr ar
his la id the g ro und wo rk fo r the imple me nta tio n o f Cre ating Cho ic e s.
T ask F
c e on Administr ative Se gr e gation – wa s e sta b lishe d in re spo nse to the Arb o ur
Co mmissio n. It pro vid e d a c o mple te r
e vie w of the use of administr ative se gr e gation b y the
Co rre c tio na l Se rvic e a nd fo und tha t staff did not fully appr
e c iate the ir
with le gislative and polic y pr
R v. Gladue – re q uire s the c o urt to c onside r non- c ustodial options for Abor iginal pe ople a nd
to c onside r
the ir unique c ir c umstanc e s. UN De c lar ation on the T r e atme nt of F e male Pr isone r s – ac knowle dge s the unique ne e ds of fe male pr isone r s a nd c o mple me nts the o rig ina l UN d e c la ra tio n o n the tre a tme nt o f priso ne rs. Pr
he ir Rights: A Syste mic Re vie w of Human Rights in Cor r e c tional Se r vic e s for F e de r ally Se nte nc e d Wome n – the Ca na d ia n Huma n Rig hts Co mmissio n r e vie we d the tr e atme nt o f fe d e ra lly se nte nc e d wome n on the basis of ge nde r , r ac e and disability to id e ntify
wa ys o f br
inging the c or r e c tional syste m into line with the pur pose of the Canadian Human Rights Ac t. Cr e ating Choic e s: T he Re por t of the T ask F
c e on F e de r ally Se nte nc e d Wome n – r e c omme nde d that five r e gional fac ilitie s and an abor iginal he aling lodge re pla c e Ca na d a ’ s
e le ase str ate gy be de ve lope d to me e t the uniq ue ne e d s o f
the fe ma le po pula tio n. Pr
inc iple s: e mpo we rme nt; me a ning ful a nd
re spo nsib le c ho ic e s; re spe c t a nd d ig nity; suppo rtive e nviro nme nt; sha re d re spo nsib ility.
1990 2003
A vide o -re c o rding will b e ma de :
e xpe c t fo rc e ma y b e use d b a se d o n the inma te 's pa st histo ry, pre se nt b e ha vio ur a nd c urre nt pla c e me nt
T he vide o -re c o rding :
T he I nstitutio na l He a d will pro vide a writte n e xpla na tio n if a pla nne d use o f fo rc e wa s no t vide o -re c o rde d fro m the o nse t, o r a spo nta ne o us use o f fo rc e wa s no t vide o -re c o rde d
Prio r to the re c o rding b e ing sto ppe d , the c a me ra o pe ra to r re sta te s the ir na me , the da te a nd time , a nd pro vide s the re a so n fo r the c a me ra b e ing sto ppe d.
a ope r a tor sta ting the ir na me , the da te a nd time , a nd pr
unle ss a d e la y wo uld re sult in se rio us b o d ily injury, lo ss o f life o r the d e struc tio n o f e vid e nc e .