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for Social Policy Studies in Israel TAUB CENTER For Social Policy Studies in Israel Taub Center Causes and Consequences of Inequality Herbert M. Singer Conference Series

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SLIDE 1

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

taubcenter.org.il

Causes and Consequences of Inequality

Herbert M. Singer Conference Series

TAUB CENTER

for Social Policy Studies in Israel בואט זכרמ

לארשיב תיתרבחה תוינידמה רקחל

Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective

Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh

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SLIDE 2

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Labor productivity, 1970-2012

Data: Central Bureau of Statistics, Bank of Israel, OECD

Source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2009), Taub Center (updated)

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012

GDP per work-hour in 2005 PPP-adjusted dollars Israel G7 G7 Israel

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SLIDE 3

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

market incomes disposable incomes market incomes disposable incomes 67%

1992

70%

2011

44%

1992

57%

2011

47%

1992

57%

2011

37%

1992

50%

2011

30%

1992

27%

2011

14%

1992

13%

2011

Haredim

(ultra-Orthodox Jews)

Arab Israelis

market incomes disposable incomes

Jewish non-Haredim

* Using same national poverty line in all cases. Excluding East Jerusalem.

Percent of households under the poverty line*

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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SLIDE 4

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

13% 15% 17% 19% 21% 23% 25% 27% 29% 31% 33% 35% 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 market incomes – all households market incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs disposable incomes – all households disposable incomes – excl. Haredim and Arabs

Percent of households under the poverty line*

1992-2011

* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Data for 1992-96 and 2000-01 do not include East Jerusalem. No data available for 1994.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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SLIDE 5

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Percent of elderly (65+) under the poverty line*

1992-2011

* Poverty line recalculated after each exclusion. Excluding East Jerusalem.

17% 22% 27% 32% 37% 42% 47% 52% 57% 62% market incomes – all elderly market incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs disposable incomes – all elderly disposable incomes – elderly excl. Haredim and Arabs 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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SLIDE 6

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Income inequality

Gini coefficient*

market incomes 0.504 1992 0.490 2011 0.350 1992 0.370 2011 0.482 1992 0.446 2011 0.336 1992 0.332 2011 disposable incomes

All

market incomes disposable incomes

excluding Haredim and Arab Israelis

* Based on individual weights Excluding East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics

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SLIDE 7

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Actual number of individuals Standardized number of individuals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Israel

LIS

Weights used for standardizing the number of individuals in households

LIS* weights versus National Insurance Institute weights

* Luxembourg Income Study

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: LIS, National Insurance Institute

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SLIDE 8

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Market income inequality

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010

* based on individual weights Poland Hungary United States Sweden Spain Norway Netherlands Italy Greece Germany France Estonia Denmark Czech Rep Canada Austria United Kingdom Ireland Finland Belgium Australia Luxembourg

Israel

Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 9

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 1973 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

United States United Kingdom Sweden Spain Poland Norway Netherlands Luxembourg Italy Ireland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Estonia Denmark Czech Rep Canada Belgium Australia Austria

Disposable income inequality

Gini coefficient*, 23 OECD countries, 1973-2010

* based on individual weights

Israel

Israel (incl. E. Jerusalem)

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 10

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Percent reduction in income inequality*

From market income Gini to disposable income Gini, mid 2000s

  • 22.2%
  • 25.3%
  • 27.1%
  • 29.8%
  • 30.8%
  • 31.2%
  • 33.2%
  • 33.4%
  • 33.9%
  • 37.1%
  • 37.9%
  • 41.0%
  • 41.6%
  • 42.4%
  • 42.7%
  • 42.8%
  • 44.0%
  • 45.1%
  • 47.2%
  • 47.5%
  • 47.6%
  • 47.8%

USA 2004 Israel 2005 Canada 2004 Spain 2004 UK 2004 Greece 2004 Australia 2003 Estonia 2004 Italy 2004 France 2005 Ireland 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Norway 2004 Austria 2004 Netherlands 2004 Poland 2004 Germany 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Finland 2004 Denmark 2004 Hungary 2005 Sweden 2005

* Ginis calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 11

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

26.7% 25.4% 28.4% 24.4% 25.4% 25.2% 28.5% 30.1% 30.8% 25.9% 28.8% 28.8% 31.4% 31.6% 33.9% 31.1% 30.3% 29.0% 31.4% 33.1% 31.9% 32.6%

Top income decile as a fraction of total income*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

19.6% 20.2% 20.4% 21.2% 21.4% 21.7% 22.2% 22.4% 22.4% 22.5% 23.2% 23.9% 23.9% 24.3% 24.6% 24.9% 24.9% 25.1% 26.0% 26.4% 26.8% 27.5%

Denmark 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Sweden 2005 Austria 2004 Netherlands 2004 France 2005 Australia 2003 Finland 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Spain 2004 Germany 2004 Canada 2004 Poland 2004 Ireland 2004 Hungary 2005 Norway 2004 Israel 2005 Greece 2004 Italy 2004 Estonia 2004 USA 2004 UK 2004 disposable incomes

* Deciles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

market incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 12

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

6.3% 4.5% 5.3% 4.3% 4.5% 6.4% 5.0% 6.0% 6.8% 5.8% 6.5% 6.4% 6.7% 7.7% 7.6% 7.0% 8.0% 8.3% 9.2% 8.4% 8.3% 9.8%

Top 1 percentile as a fraction of total income*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

3.4% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 4.1% 4.1% 4.2% 4.4% 4.7% 4.9% 4.9% 5.0% 5.1% 5.1% 5.3% 5.5% 5.6% 6.5% 6.8% 6.9% 7.3% 8.8%

Luxembourg 2004 Denmark 2004 Spain 2004 Austria 2004 Sweden 2005 France 2005 Australia 2003 Czech Rep 2004 Greece 2004 Estonia 2004 Netherlands 2004 Canada 2004 Poland 2004 Hungary 2005 Israel 2005 Germany 2004 Finland 2004 Ireland 2004 Italy 2004 USA 2004 UK 2004 Norway 2004 disposable incomes

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

market incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 13

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 90/50 and 50/10*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

1.68 1.69 1.65 1.71 1.75 1.71 1.81 1.84 1.89 1.85 1.93 2.07 2.23 2.27 2.16 2.21 2.03 2.16 2.08 2.07 2.72 2.75 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.72 1.75 1.80 1.81 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.88 1.95 1.97 1.99 2.00 2.00 2.03 2.04 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.32

Denmark 2004 Norway 2004 Sweden 2005 Finland 2004 Netherlands 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Austria 2004 Hungary 2005 Luxembourg 2004 Germany 2004 France 2005 Ireland 2004 Canada 2004 Spain 2004 Poland 2004 Italy 2004 Australia 2003 Greece 2004 Estonia 2004 UK 2004 USA 2004 Israel 2005 ratio of 90th percentile to 50th percentile

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

ratio of 50th percentile to 10th percentile

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 14

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Ratios of disposable income percentiles, 75/25*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

1.68 1.68 1.69 1.74 1.77 1.77 1.81 1.81 1.84 1.85 1.90 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.16 2.17 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.28 2.50 2.81 Denmark 2004 Norway 2004 Sweden 2005 Czech Rep 2004 Finland 2004 Netherlands 2004 Hungary 2005 Austria 2004 Germany 2004 Luxembourg 2004 France 2005 Poland 2004 Canada 2004 Estonia 2004 Ireland 2004 Greece 2004 Spain 2004 UK 2004 Italy 2004 Australia 2003 USA 2004 Israel 2005

* Percentiles calculated according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 15

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

33.5% 28.0% 39.4% 47.5% 34.0% 25.0% 33.5% 30.5% 28.2% 37.8% 32.6% 30.5% 30.1% 32.9% 45.5% 28.2% 29.6% 29.6% 25.6% 29.5% 30.2% 25.0%

Percent of individuals under the poverty line*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

18.3% 24.1% 14.1% 14.0% 13.5% 12.9% 12.1% 11.4% 10.3% 10.2% 10.0% 9.8% 9.7% 8.4% 7.2% 7.2% 6.9% 6.0% 5.5% 4.8% 4.1% 4.0%

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Italy 2004 Poland 2004 Spain 2004 Canada 2004 Greece 2004 UK 2004 Australia 2003 France 2005 Ireland 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Estonia 2004 Germany 2004 Hungary 2005 Netherlands 2004 Austria 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Norway 2004 Sweden 2005 Finland 2004 Denmark 2004 by disposable incomes by market incomes

* Calculations according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 16

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Percent reduction in poverty rates*

From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

  • 28.2%
  • 34.5%
  • 48.2%
  • 60.2%
  • 62.4%
  • 63.6%
  • 63.8%
  • 64.2%
  • 67.9%
  • 68.0%
  • 69.3%
  • 70.5%
  • 73.0%
  • 74.6%
  • 74.6%
  • 76.5%
  • 78.6%
  • 79.8%
  • 83.8%
  • 84.1%
  • 84.2%
  • 86.3%

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Canada 2004 Spain 2004 UK 2004 Australia 2003 Greece 2004 Italy 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Estonia 2004 Ireland 2004 Poland 2004 France 2005 Netherlands 2004 Germany 2004 Austria 2004 Norway 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Sweden 2005 Denmark 2004 Hungary 2005 Finland 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 17

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

20.6% 20.3% 19.1% 18.3% 17.6% 17.3% 17.0% 17.0% 16.8% 16.7% 16.6% 16.0% 15.4% 15.4% 15.0% 14.1% 13.9% 13.5% 13.4% 13.1% 11.5% 9.9% Germany Italy Greece Sweden Austria Finland Estonia Spain France Hungary Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands Czech Republic Norway Canada Luxembourg Australia Poland United States Ireland Israel

Share of 65+ year-olds in population, 2010

OECD

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 18

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

50.2% 62.2% 78.7% 78.1% 63.6% 81.9% 69.6% 75.7% 78.7% 83.2% 79.8% 79.7% 85.7% 76.4% 84.7% 50.1% 77.5% 92.3% 87.0% 67.1% 70.1% 82.7% 20.7% 19.8% 16.1% 15.8% 9.9% 8.5% 7.7% 6.4% 6.4% 5.9% 3.7% 3.3% 3.2% 3.1% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% 1.7% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 0.9%

Percent of elderly under the poverty line*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Spain 2004 Greece 2004 UK 2004 Italy 2004 Australia 2003 France 2005 Ireland 2004 Germany 2004 Austria 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Poland 2004 Estonia 2004 Finland 2004 Canada 2004 Sweden 2005 Netherlands 2004 Hungary 2005 Denmark 2004 Norway 2004 Czech Rep 2004 by market incomes

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

by disposable incomes

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 19

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Percent reduction in elderly poverty rates*

From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

  • 58.7%
  • 68.2%
  • 79.5%
  • 79.7%
  • 84.4%
  • 89.0%
  • 89.6%
  • 91.5%
  • 91.9%
  • 93.0%
  • 95.2%
  • 95.4%
  • 95.9%
  • 96.0%
  • 96.2%
  • 96.9%
  • 97.1%
  • 97.9%
  • 98.1%
  • 98.1%
  • 98.3%
  • 98.9%

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Spain 2004 Greece 2004 UK 2004 Australia 2003 Italy 2004 France 2005 Ireland 2004 Germany 2004 Canada 2004 Austria 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Estonia 2004 Poland 2004 Sweden 2005 Finland 2004 Denmark 2004 Netherlands 2004 Hungary 2005 Norway 2004 Czech Rep 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 20

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

by market incomes

40.4% 30.2% 32.1% 42.6% 26.6% 27.9% 34.8% 26.9% 28.8% 34.6% 34.7% 24.0% 20.2% 23.2% 15.2% 22.8% 40.3% 20.2% 22.0% 18.2% 16.5% 18.1% 34.1% 25.1% 24.1% 22.4% 19.9% 18.9% 18.1% 17.1% 16.1% 15.7% 15.0% 14.8% 14.5% 13.6% 12.0% 11.8% 11.7% 10.5% 6.5% 6.1% 5.0% 4.8%

Percent of children under the poverty line*

22 OECD countries, mid 2000s

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Italy 2004 Poland 2004 Canada 2004 Spain 2004 UK 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Australia 2003 Ireland 2004 France 2005 Estonia 2004 Greece 2004 Germany 2004 Netherlands 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Hungary 2005 Austria 2004 Sweden 2005 Norway 2004 Denmark 2004 Finland 2004 by disposable incomes

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 21

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

Percent reduction in children poverty rates*

From market income poverty to disposable income poverty, mid 2000s

  • 15.6%
  • 16.9%
  • 20.8%
  • 24.8%
  • 25.3%
  • 28.2%
  • 32.2%
  • 36.3%
  • 38.4%
  • 41.6%
  • 44.1%
  • 47.4%
  • 47.9%
  • 48.0%
  • 48.3%
  • 54.7%
  • 56.8%
  • 66.6%
  • 69.5%
  • 70.2%
  • 70.9%
  • 73.8%

Israel 2005 USA 2004 Netherlands 2004 Italy 2004 Canada 2004 Greece 2004 Spain 2004 Luxembourg 2004 Estonia 2004 Germany 2004 Australia 2003 Poland 2004 UK 2004 Austria 2004 Czech Rep 2004 Ireland 2004 France 2005 Norway 2004 Denmark 2004 Sweden 2005 Hungary 2005 Finland 2004

* Calculations by individuals according to Israeli Social Security method. Israel includes East Jerusalem.

Source: Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh, Taub Center Data: Luxembourg Income Study

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SLIDE 22

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

70 80 90 100

* national average in math, science and reading exams

Israel, not including ultra-orthodox Jews = 100 (base)

Educational inequality

Standard deviations in achievements in 25 OECD countries and in Israel, PISA 2009 exams

Korea Finland Portugal Denmark Norway Spain Canada Hungary Netherlands Ireland Slovak Rep UK OECD Czech Rep Iceland Italy USA Switzerland Sweden Australia Germany Japan Austria New Zealand France Belgium

Israel data from PISA source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated). exam* year number of participating countries

(out of 25)

Israel’s ranking

TIMSS 1999 14 first place PISA 2000/02 23 first place TIMSS 2003 14 first place PISA 2006 25 first place TIMSS 2007 11 first place PISA 2009 25 first place TIMSS 2011 11 first place

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SLIDE 23

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

163%

  • 47%

Situation on the Roads

data from the World Bank

* average of 22 OECD countries

vehicles per kilometer road

Road Congestion Israel relative to OECD average, 2008

per 1,000 people

Number of Vehicles

source: Dan Ben-David, State of the Nation Report 2010, Taub Center (updated).

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SLIDE 24

Taub Center

For Social Policy Studies in Israel

taubcenter.org.il

Causes and Consequences of Inequality

Herbert M. Singer Conference Series

TAUB CENTER

for Social Policy Studies in Israel בואט זכרמ

לארשיב תיתרבחה תוינידמה רקחל

Israeli poverty and inequality trends in international perspective

Dan Ben-David and Haim Bleikh