FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF OIL PALM IN AREAS AFFECTED BY BUT - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF OIL PALM: A SOURCE FOR ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION OF OIL PALM IN AREAS AFFECTED BY BUT ROT DISEASE Barba J., Baquero Y. Mendoza L.* Palmar del Río – Ecuador Research and Development Unit

Introduction For three decades the disease known as bud rot (BR), has been a major problem in extensive oil palm growing areas of Latin America.

So far, the onset of BR has been associated with a number of pathogens, mainly Phythopthora palmivora ( Cenipalma – Colombia) disease and Fusarium oxysporum sp.

In the 80s, we began to notice that the hybrid of Elaeis guineensis with E. oleifera , could be an alternative planting material, with tolerance to BR and other lethal diseases of oil palm in the region.

E. oleifera is widely distributed in tropical America, several authors agree that there is great genetic variability in this species. Topology-based clustering method and NJ dissimilarity index - Romero H. Cenipalma 2013

The oleifera species are found in all countries that have been devoted to the oil palm in America. Coari – Brasil - Colombia Manaus – Brasil – Costa Rica Cereté - Colombia Serra – Perú Taisha - Ecuador

Ecuador is one of the world's 17 most bio diverse countries in the planet, similar to Indonesia and Malaysia.

Genetic diversity is one of the biggest resources of breeders in order to find alternatives for specific health problems.

Palmar del Rio, lost 10,000 hectares in the 90s by BR and was the first plantation to received seeds of hybrid materials OxG at experimental and commercial level from EMBRAPA - Brazil and IRHO (CIRAD) – France.

Objectives • To evaluate OxG hybrid ecotypes obtained from American oleifera accessions and assess their tolerance to BR. • Collect and evaluate germplasm E. oleifera in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. • Select the best combinations for tolerance to BR, bunch production and oil extraction.

Materials y Methods 1995 -1996 PDR received the first hybrid seeds OxG. 1997 - 1998 PDR planted experimental plots and evaluated for 10 consecutive years for BR tolerance, yield and oil content.

1998 - 2000 PDR Taisha oleifera is planted at the affected BR sites in order to evaluate its tolerance of the oleifera . 2002 - 2005 PDR makes first crosses OxG , we used Avros, La Mé, Yangambí , Calabar and Angola parents.

2004 - 2008 PDR planted and evaluated progenies OxG Taisha origin.

2007 - 2008 PDR carried out a new collection of E. oleifera in the region of Nuevo Rocafuerte and Pastaza (Ecuador). 2009 - 2010 PDR planted experimental plots with this new germplasm for selection of elites palms and OxG crosses.

Results Hybrids OxG obtained Brazilian and Central America oleiferas % BR/Year Country River Bank Collecting site TM/ha % O/B Oil/ha/Year 2010 Caimbe, Manicoré, Tefe, Igarape Solimoes River 31,14 18,30 5,70 21 Itapinima, Anitinga lake, Sta. Helena 28,87 17,40 5,02 24 Caracarí 16,41 18,80 3,09 4 Codajas 16,28 15,89 2,59 2 Brazil Madeira River Lower Madeira 19,36 15,67 3,03 3 Top Madeira 14,70 15,43 2,27 2 Black river 16,38 17,87 2,93 3 Mangenot 34,23 21,75 7,44 35 Costa Rica Golfito 30,12 18,54 5,58 23 Panamá Armuelles 32,29 18,19 5,87 15 Several of the OxG hybrids obtained from Brazilian and Central American oleiferas showed susceptibility to BR. In the order hand, the materials with higher tolerance to BR showed lower yields and reduced oil content.

E. Oleifera - Taisha native palm from Ecuador The E. oleifera - Taisha has so far not reported losses due to BR of these palms, in situ disease tolerance is demonstrated.

Reduced growth Good fertility, long peduncle This Ecuadorian oleifera has several desirable characteristics for OxG seed production programs, and for breeding through gene introgression programs in guineensis palms.

Morillo et a l. (2010), mentions that oleifera is an important gene pool for the contribution to the competitiveness and sustainability of oil palm sector. 118_ac2 120_ac2 88_ac3 G1 89_ac3 p1_a3 p1_a2 p2_a2 p1_a4 38_ac5 p1_a5 p2_a5 44_ac5 61_ac4 p1_a10 p2_a10 p2_a4 p2_a7 47_ac5 p2_a11 p4_a1 p3_a1 p1_a7 p1_a8 p3_a8 p2_a8 p4_a7 p3_a7 71_ac1 72_ac1 p1_a11 p1_a9 p2_a9 p1_a1 p1_a6 p2_a6 49_ac5 G2 55_ac4 58_ac4 p4_a4 p2_a1 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.95 1.00 Coefficient SM UPGMA dendrogram of 40 plant diversity oleifera palm with nine SSRs markers

Year of Palms Origin Collection Collector Locality Región Populations Accessions collection planted 1997 1 3 26 Morona F. Orellana Taisha 1 1998 3 5 560 Serra 1 5 38 Ecuador Nuevo Rocafuerte 2007 J. Barba 2 NJ Erene 2 7 67 Ishpingo 12 43 610 Pastaza 2008 J. Barba 2 La Boca 1 5 185 Colombia Exchange in 2006 Cereté 1 3 Brazil America 2008 Coari 7 97 Total 7 20 76 1586 PDR-2013 has a genebank that represents 7 regions, with 20 populations, 76 accessions and a total of 1,586 palms in evaluation processes.

Hybrids OxG – PDR Taisha The Taisha OxG materials - PDR are tolerant to BR, they have a growth rate between 15 and 20 cm per year, and their leaf area depends on the parent material used. The fruits are virescens.

Root fresh weight - grams Deep - cm Trunk basis 1 m 2 m 3m 0-40 cm 3267,00 1673,00 494,00 315,00 40-100 cm 564,00 452,00 186,00 116,00 The PDR OxG Hybrids are more efficient in relation nutrient uptake , their root system explores more soil.

OxG OxG OxG Descriptor Taisha x Avros Taisha x La Mé Taisha x Yangambi Initiation flowering months (androgens) 17-18 22-23 21-22 Initiation of pollination in months 23-24 28-29 26-27 Initiation on vintage months 28 33 32 Female anthesis Uniform Uniform Uniform Presence of spathes in the inflorescences Scarce Scarce Scarce Days of ripening bunch - average 152 155 151 Stem growth rate (cm/year) 19,76 14,66 14,75 Length in the leaf petiole 25th (cm) 124 88 99 Rachis length on sheet 25th (cm) 549 437 430 25 leaf area m 2 9,75 6,18 6,11 Agronomic characteristics of hybrid-PDR OxG Taisha as the male parent Avros, La Me and Yangambi. Palmar del Rio – Ecuador.

The best results in production and oil contents were obtained with Avros parents. These hybrids were earlier than those obtained from Brazilian oleiferas.

The pollination, an essential task in these plants, is facilitated because the female inflorescence at anthesis is free bracts.

Progeny TM bunches/ha/year % O/B % OB TM 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 FA * Lab* Industrial O/ha* 1 10,4 22,4 28,4 27,8 26,8 29,6 28,7 20,6 17,6 5,1 2 12,1 23,3 23,2 26,9 22,2 25,5 28,0 18,3 15,3 4,3 3 11,7 24,1 28,4 27,8 24,7 28,0 27,8 19,0 16,0 4,4 4 12,8 22,1 27,1 25,4 26,2 30,5 27,9 22,4 19,4 5,4 5 12,7 24,2 27 27,6 26,1 29,8 29,2 21,1 18,1 5,3 6 11,8 24,6 27,4 26,6 27,9 30,7 29,3 22,3 19,3 5,7 7 7,5 17,8 19,1 21,4 22,4 23,3 23,7 23,4 20,4 4,8 8 11,2 23,4 26,9 23,5 25,3 26,1 23,8 23,1 20,1 4,8 9 9,7 20,8 22,3 21,9 22,7 25,8 27,7 23,1 20,1 5,6 10 9,4 22,7 26,6 28,6 26,1 29,7 27,9 18,0 15,0 4,2 11 10,4 21,4 23,8 24,6 24,5 25,0 28,5 19,3 16,3 4,7 12 7,5 23,4 24,3 25,6 28 32,3 29,6 19,3 16,3 4,8 13 13,5 26,6 29,6 28,9 27 31,2 29,5 20,3 17,3 5,1 14 11,3 23,9 26,4 25,9 24,6 29,1 27,1 20,8 17,8 4,8 15 6,8 17,4 16,8 22,5 23,7 24,7 28,9 21,0 18,0 5,2 Average 10,6 22,5 25,2 25,7 25,2 28,1 27,8 17,8 4,9 FA* = Progeny artificial pollination %O/B Lab* = Percent laboratory bunch oil TM O/ha= Metric tons of oil hectare With the information from the best progenies, we have made ​ crosses between OTxOT Taisha oliferas, which in turn will produce F2 OxG hybrids. Our goals is to get 21% extraction at the mill.

Quality Oil hybrids OxG - PDR -Taisha saturated unsaturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated fats % fats% fats % fats % Omega 3 y 6 Material OxG - PDR Taisha x Avros 37,81 62,19 44,93 17,25 0,70 OxG - PDR Taisha x La Mé 29,89 70,11 55,17 14,94 0,80 OxG - PDR Taisha x Yangambi 39,04 60,96 44,34 16,62 1,00 OxG - PDR Taisha x Angola 40,60 59,40 43,00 16,40 0,90 OxG - PDR Taisha x Calabar 47,59 52,41 32,80 19,42 0,91 The Taisha hybrid oil is high oleic when Avros, La Me and Yangambi parents are used; and when the guineensis parents are Angola, Calabar their oil is very similar to guineensis.

Conclusions The genetic diversity in OxG materials has allowed Palmar del Rio to continue with oil palm cultivation. We solved through breeding the problem of lethal diseases, specially But Rot disease. The PDR-OxG hybrids are environmentally friendly as it is possible to plant at the same sites affected by lethal diseases with new varieties, and thus we avoid the deforestation of new areas. Genetic variability allowed the development of new hybrids varieties and the backcross to ensure sustainability of the oil palm crop. We obtained with the OxG – PDR planting materials, disease resistance, low growth, efficiency for nutrient uptake , and oil quality.

Acknowledgment Francisco Orellana Galo Bejarano + Guillermo Vallejo Jhon Lowe + Rajanaidu Nookia Phillipe Amblard People of R&D

Gracias Thank you Terima kasih