FJDALOMCSILLAPTS KLNLEGES KRLMNYEK KZTT skor etanol kor Mezopotmia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
FJDALOMCSILLAPTS KLNLEGES KRLMNYEK KZTT skor etanol kor Mezopotmia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Dr Tth Judit Almsi Balogh Pl Krhz SBO FJDALOMCSILLAPTS KLNLEGES KRLMNYEK KZTT skor etanol kor Mezopotmia etanol pium (i. e. 3400) Babilon pium (i.e. 2000) Egyiptom pium mandragra
Őskor – etanol Ókor Mezopotámia etanol ópium (i. e. 3400) Babilon ópium (i.e. 2000) Egyiptom ópium mandragóra Szkíták, India kannabisz Kína kannabisz tartalmú általános érzéstelenítő és izomrelaxáns (i.e. 8.sz. Pien Csüe, i.e. 145-208 Hua Tuo) Középkor Franciao. ópium, mandragóra, nadragulya (kb. 1238-1310. Villanovai Arnold) Anglia dwale (epe, ópium, saláta, fehér földitök, bürök 1200- 1500) Ausztria éter (1525 körül Paracelsus) Újkor Japán tsüsensan (szkopolamin, hioszciamin, atropin, akonitin, angelikotoxin – Hanaoka Szeisü 1804.) Németo. morfin (Friedrich Sertürner 1804.) Anglia éter narkózis (William T. G. Morton 1846. 09. 30.) Skócia kloroform (James Young Simpson 1847.)
Az ópium előállításához termesztett mákfajta, a Papaver somniferum Hua Tuo kínai sebész Kr.
- e. 200 körül
В санитарной палатке на Бородинском поле. Иллюстрация к роману Л.Н. Толстого «Война и мир». Художник А. Апсит. 1912 г.
Napóleoni csaták (1799-1815)
súlyos, halálos (életveszélyes) sérülteknek segítettek meghalni katonaorvostan gyerekcipőben 100%-ban sebészet gyógyszer nélkül „sebész” nem orvos, hanem felcser sebekre forró olaj narkózis még nem volt nem sajnálták a sérülteket nem ismerték a humanizmust
Nyikolaj Ivanovics Pirogov (I. Repin, 1881)
„ Чем раньше осуществляется обезболивание, тем оно эффективнее для профилактики травматического шока.”
Katonai tábori sebészet megalapítója
- 1847. Kaukázusi háború
- az első éter narkózis, majd több mint 100
- endotrachealis narkózis (Snow 5 évvel később)
- triázs (медицинская сортировка)
- 1853. Krími háború
- kloroform narkózis (1 év alatt 12.000)
- gipszkötés
- 1847. Mexikói-Amerikai háború
- első éternarkózis E.H. Barton
1861-65. Amerikai polgárháború
- 80.000 narkózis (kloroform és éter)
- 1847. a harctéri anaeszteziológia születése
Paradigma
“severe wounds in soldiers are often associated with surprisingly little pain.” Dr Henry K. Beecher
- II. Világháború
A harctéri sebesültek 75%-nál késett v. elmaradt a fájdalomcsillapítás.
- 1981. Prehospitális analgesia protokoll
“Any agent that interferes with the patient’s normal pain response may frustrate the physician attempting to make a diagnosis,” and “a suitable agent . . . Should be quick acting and short-lived in order to preserve the pain response for diagnostic purposes in the ED.”
Morfin a „gold standard” 2 évszázadon keresztül Vietnámi háború háborús sérült veteránok drogfüggősége „soldier’s disease” Megfelelő akut fájdalom kezelés
- a sérülés helyszínén
- csökkenti a fehérje katabolizmust
- 20 percen belül
- csökkenti a cortisol szintet
- csökkenti a hyperglikaemiát
- javítja az immun funkciót
Inadekvát analgesia
- katabolikus állapot
- pulmonalis komplikációk
- immunszuppresszió
- thromboembolia
- PTSD
- krónikus fájdalom szindróma
- halálozás
Effect of neurohormonal and inflammatory response to trauma on cardiovascular system. ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; ADH: antidiuretic hormone; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; WBC: white blood cell Images adapted with permission from Vesalius: http://www.vesalius.com/welcome.asp. Accessed October 16, 2012.
Ascending pain pathways (red) and descending modulation (blue), illustrating the sites of actions for various analgesic agents. NMDA: N-methyl d-aspartate; PAG: periaqueductal grayplease; RV M: rostroventral medullaplease Cohen SP, Raja SN. Pain. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011:133–139.
Multimodal analgesia
Opioidok morfin, kodein, fentanil, tramadol Non-opioidok N-metil-D-aszpartát (NMDA) receptor antagonista NSAID-ok acetaminophen (paracetamol) antikonvulzánsok triciklikus antidepresszánsok α2-adrenerg agonisták lokál anesztetikumok (iv. Lidocain) Regionalis analgesia Acupunctura
Opioid Intravenous/ Intramuscular* PCA† Oral Epidural‡ Intrathecal‡ Plasma Half- life Comments§ Morphine 5–15 mg every 3–4 h 1–2 mg every 6– 12 min 10–30 mg every 2–3 h 1–4 mg 100–300 μg 3 h (1–5 h) Principal medical alkaloid of opium; causes active metabolites, respiratory depression, and increased intracranial pressure Hydromorphone 2–3 mg every 3–4 h 0.2–0.8 mg every 8–12 min 2–3 mg every 4– 6 h 0.5–1 mg 100–200 μg 2–3 h Semisynthetic opioid, approximately 5 times more potent than morphine and a useful alternative Fentanyl 25–100 μg every 5 min titrated to effect at bedside 25–50 μg every 8–12 min, rare applications Sublingual preparation available 50–100 μg 12.5–25 μg 7 h (3–12 h) Synthetic; novel delivery technologies are in development Meperidine 75–150 mg every 2–3 h 10 mg every 6– 12 min, rare applications 100–300 mg every 3 h NA NA 3–5 h Toxic metabolite normeperidine can lead to seizures; increase risk of abuse due to rapid
- nset and associated “rush”
Methadone 5–10 mg every 8–12 h short term use NA 5–15 mg every 8–12 h shortterm use NA NA 24–36 h Synthetic; exhibits NMDA receptor antagonist activity; long half-life provides more stable analgesia compared to more frequently dosed
- pioids; usually reserved for level 4 use
Codeine 15–60 mg every 4 h IM
- nly
NA 30–60 mg every 4 h NA NA 2–4 h Antitussive; combined with acetaminophen as Tylenol-3¥; ineffective in 10% of Caucasians Oxycodone NA NA 10–20 mg every 4–6 h NA NA 3–4.5 h Combined with aspirin as Percodan and acetaminophen as Percocet; high abuse potential Tramadol 50–100 mg every 4–6 h NA 50–150 mg every 4–6 h NA NA 5–7 h Respiratory depression is not a common side effect; can decrease the seizure threshold
*Generally, the intramuscular administration of opioids should be avoided in favor of intravenous administration.; †PCA is a preferred method for opioid pain control when equipment is available and the patient is able to operate the PCA device.; ‡Epidural/intrathecal infusions of narcotics should be avoided in patients who may be transported to the next level of care within 24 hours. §Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that reverses systemic opioid effects (analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, etc) and should be available when opioids are used. Naloxone doses (0.2–0.04 mg) are titrated to desired effect every 2 to 3 minutes. The effect is dose dependent, lasting 20 to 60 minutes.; IM: intramuscular; NA: not applicable; NMDA: N-methyl d-aspartate; PCA: patient-controlled analgesia
N-metil-D-aszpartát (NMDA) receptor antagonisták
Ketamin
jól bírja az extrém körülményeket kis dózisban biztonságos kiegészítő opioidok mellett (opioid acut hyperalgesiás hatását kivédi) szubanesztetikus dózisban jó antihyperalgesias és analgesias hatás
Administration Steps Infusion
- 1. Premedicate with benzodiazepine or scopalamine patch.
- 2. Bolus: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg over 30–60 minutes.
- 3. Begin fusion at 0.05–0.3 mg/kg/hr.
- 4. Titrate to clinical effect.
- 5. Observe for side effects (nausea, dysphoria, hallucination, excess secretions) and
decrease infusion rate if present. PCA (without
- pioid)
- 1. Initiate PCA at 4–6 mg every 10 minutes
- 2. Adjust bolus and interval as necessary.
- 3. Use caution if doses exceed 0.5 mg/kg/hr due to high incidence of side effects
SUGGESTED DOSES OF KETAMINE FOR ACUTE PAIN CONTROL
PCA: patient-controlled analgesia
Magnézium
NMDA receptoron „dugót” képez – hatásos antagonista szerep agonisták és sejtdepolarizáció elávolítja
α2-adrenerg agonisták
Clonidine
elsődlegesen gerincvelői szinten fájdalom modulátor önmagában és kombinálva is jó analgesias hatás termoregulációs reakciókat elnyomja, súlyosbítja a hypotermiát mellékhatás: hypotensio, bradycardia
Medication PO IV Comments α2-Adrenergic Agonists Clonidine 0.1 mg loading oral dose following by transdermal patch (not applicable within first 24–48 hours postinjury) 0.3 –1 μg/kg bolus Severely limited by hypotension and bradycardia in acute battlefield setting. Peripheral nerve block dose: 0.5–1 μg/kg in local anesthesia Dexmedetomidine N/A Load dose: 0.5–1 μg/kg over 10–20 minutes (if tolerated). Infusion: 0.2–0.7 μg/kg/h Limited by bradycardia and hypotension NONOPIOID ANALGESICS FOR ACUTE BATTLEFIED PAIN MANAGEMENT
N/A: not applicable
NSAIDs, acetaminophen
NSAIDs
cyclooxygenase enzim gátlás (szelektív COX2 inhibitor: nincs antithrombotikus hatás) hosszú „fél-élet idő” (naproxen: 12-15 óra)– transzporthoz kiválóan alkalmas
Paracetamol
mind centralis, mind perifériás hatás (hatásmechanizmus nem teljesen ismert) NSAIDokkal kombinálva szinergista analgetikus hatás
NONOPIOID ANALGESICS FOR ACUTE BATTLEFIED PAIN MANAGEMENT
COX: cyclooxygenase; N/A: not applicable
Medication PO IV Comments Aniline Derivative Acetaminophen 1 g every 6 hours 325 mg–1g every 4–6 hour Maximum dose: 4 g/24 hours. No gastric or antiplatelet effects. Hepatotoxic in large doses NSAIDs Ketorolac N/A 30 mg, then 15–30 mg every 6 hours Ibuprofen 400–800 mg every 8 hours 400–800 mg every 6 hours Maximum dose: 3,200 mg/day Diclofenac 50 mg three times daily N/A Maximum dose: 200 mg/day for first day, then 150 mg/day thereafter Meloxicam 7.5–15 mg daily N/A Maximum dose: 15 mg/day Celecoxib 100–200 mg daily N/A Selective for COX 2 Naproxen 250–500 mg every 12 hours N/A Maximum dose: 1,100 mg/day
Antikonvulzánsok, Triciklikus antidepresszánsok
Antikonvulzánsok
Iraki és Afganisztáni háborúban az amerikai hadsereg rutinszerűen használta
Triciklikus antidepresszánsok
neuropathias fájdalomra több, mint 20 éve használják norepinephrin és serotonin reuptake gátlása korai használata megelőzi az acut fájdalom progresszióját és a krónikus fájdalom kialakulását
*Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, **Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Del. Medication Oral Dosage Plasma Half-life Comments Anticonvulsants Gabapentin (Neurontin*) 100–300 mg every 8 h gradually increased as needed up to 3,600 mg daily in 3 divided doses 5–7 h Therapeutic effect on neuropathic pain believed to be due to action
- n voltage-gated N-type calcium ion channels; somnolence and
fatigue are side effects; does not appear to interact with other medications Pregabalin (Lyrica*) 75 mg every 12 h increased as neede up to 300 mg in 2 divided doses 5–6 h Similar to gabapentin but more potent; fewer doserelated side effects Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline (Elavil**) 10–150 mg daily 12–24 h Anticholinergic and sedative side effects; will enhance the response to other central nervous system depressants Nortriptyline 25 mg every night up to a maximum of 150 mg every day 18–60 h Fewer side effects; overactive or agitated patients may exhibit greater agitation
SUGGESTED DOSAGES OF ANTICONVULSANTS AND TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS FOR ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE MILITARY CASUALTY
Local anesztetikumok
- Iv. Lidocaine
antiinflammatorikus, analgetikus hatás, opioid szükséglet csökkentése súlyos sérülések esetén, amikor a coagulatios status kontraindikálja a regionalis anesztéziát folyamatos monitorozást igényel
NONOPIOID ANALGESICS FOR ACUTE BATTLEFIED PAIN MANAGEMENT
Medication PO IV Comments Local Anesthetics Lidocaine N/A Bolus: 1–1.5 mg/kg followed by infusion of 1.25–1.5 mg/ kg/h. Possible option for noninterventional candidate (lack of access, coagulopathy, etc)
Egyéb lehetőségek
Adenosin, droperidol, magnézium, neostigmine, opioid antagonisták
sikeresen használták postoperatív fájdalomra
Анестезия области перелома . Циркулярная блокада поперечного сегмента конечности
AmbIT Military PCA Pump, currently used by US forces for patient- controlled analgesia, epidural, and continuous peripheral nerve block. Used with permission from Summit Medical Products, Salt Lake City, UT EXHIBIT 21-1 CONTINUOUS PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCK OPTIONS FOR MULTIPLE EXTREMITY INJURY
- Epidural + brachial plexus
- Femoral/sciatic +/- brachial plexus
- Sciatic (bilateral) +/- brachial plexus
- Paravertebral +/- brachial plexus or lower
extremity
- Brachial plexus (avoid bilateral phrenic
nerve)
Helyi érzéstelenítés
Acupunctura
Battlefield acupuncture. Photograph: Courtesy of Colonel Richard Niemtzow
ASP brand auricular pins (Lhasa OMS Inc, Weymouth, Mass); inset: detail of tip.
Severe Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, Shock, Unconsciousness, Acute Muscular and Lower Back Spasm
US Army helyszíni fájdalomcsillapítás protokoll (2013.):
Enyhe sérülés: 1300 mg paracetamol per os és 15 mg meloxicam (NSAID) naponta 1x Közepes és súlyos sérülések haemodinamikailag stabil állapotban, stabil légzéssel: 800 μg OTFC (oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate) nyalóka Közepes és súlyos sérülések haemodinamikailag instabil állapotban: iv./IO: 20mg ketamin 20 percenként im./IN: 50mg ketamin 30 percenként KONTRAINDIKÁLT EGYÉRTELMŰ TRAUMÁS AGY- ÉS SZEMSÉRÜLÉS ESETÉN
STANAG 2350 Morphia Dosage and Casualty Markings SELF-INJECTION DEVICES
- a. BRIGHT RED - Morphine.
- b. BRIGHT YELLOW - Atropine.
- c. ORANGE - Anti-depressant.
- d. LIGHT BROWN - Oxime.
- e. GREY - Nerve agent anti-convulsant
- No. 1. „spricc-tjubik”
1ml 2%-os Promedol
- No. 2. piros
6 tbl 0,006 g Taren (pszichotropikum )
- No. 3. fehér
15 tbl 0,2g szulfadimetoxin
- No. 4. rózsaszín
6 tbl 0,2g cisztamin
- No. 5. fehér
5 tbl tetracyclin (100.000 NE)
- No. 6. tejszínű
2x10tbl 0,125g kálium-jodid
- No. 7. kék
5 tbl 0,006g etaperazin (neuroleptikum)
NATO Orosz hadsereg
Approximately 2 years after wounding. Patient at arrival to the Emergency Medical Treatment (EMT) area. Note direct pressure applied to the transected ends of both femoral arteries.
Position Responsibilities and Skills Team leader (usually the emergency physician)
- Controls and manages
resuscitation.
- Team leader (usually the
emergency physician)
- Prioritizes investigations
and treatment.
- Makes time-critical
decisions.
- Has good leadership skills.
- Ensures the environment is
such that only his or her own voice can be heard.
- Clearly communicates and
delegates tasks. Airway specialist (anesthetist).
- Responsible for assessment
and management of the airway and ventilation
- Counts the initial
respiratory rate.
- Administers oxygen.
- Performs suction.
- Inserts airway adjuncts.
- Performs endotracheal
intubation (RSI)
- Maintains cervical spine
immobilization and controls the log roll.
- Takes an initial history
(AMPLE). Airway assistant
- Assists in preparing
equipment for advanced airway intervention.
- Assists with advanced
airway intervention, eg, applies cricoid pressure. Doctor 1
- Undertakes the primary survey:
<C>+B to E.
- Clearly communicates clinical
findings to team leader (recorded by scribe).
- Performs procedures depending
- n skill level and training.
Doctor 2
- Performs procedures depending
- n skill level and training.
Nurse 1 (emergency department nurse responsible for airway)
- Applies monitoring equipment.
- Assists advanced airway
intervention (unless ODP is present).
- Assists with procedures
Nurse 2 (emergency department nurseresponsible for circulation)
- Undresses patient.
- Assists with procedures.
Scribe (emergency department nurse or medic or HCA)
- Collates all information and
records decisions on trauma chart
- NOTE: All team members are
responsible for ensuring their findings and decisions are correctly recorded. Radiographer
- Takes x-rays as directed by the
team leader . Hospital specialists
- Undertakes secondary survey
and advanced procedures (eg, general surgeon to undertake secondary survey of the head and torso; orthopedic surgeon to undertake secondary survey of the limbs, pelvis, and spine; surgeon, emergency physician, or ultrasonographer to undertake FAST).
AMPLE: allergies; medications; past medical history, injuries, illnesses; last oral intake and menstruation; events leading up to the injury and/or illness; <C>+B to E: control of catastrophic hemorrhage, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure; FAST: focused assessment with sonography for trauma; HCA: health care assistant; ODP: operating department practitioner; RSI: rapid sequence induction