F.I.G.H.T Site Map Website: https://cie404fgm.wordpress.com/ @FGMintheUSA Presented by: Elizabeth Bruce Clara Buie Amanda Blain Pritt Hector Vargas
What is F.I.G.H.T.? Aim of F.I.G.H.T To address issues associated with, and instances of, FGM/C within the United States. Vision To generate awareness among American society of the existence of FGM/C and to take action to eradicate this practice through community education and public awareness. Mission To foster change in regards to the eradication of the practice or FGM/C in the U.S.A.
Who is F.I.G.H.T.? ● Meet the F.I.G.H.T.ers ● Work began in Spring 2014 ● Realization of how far behind the US is
What is FGM/C? ● Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting Photo Source: http://creationoutreach.com ● WHO defines FGM/C as: ○ All procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons 1 1 Sanctuary for Families. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation In The United States: Protecting Girls and Women in the U.S. from FGM and Vacation Cutting. Retrieved from http: //www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/storage/sanctuary/documents/report_onfgm_w_cover.pdf
How does FGM occur? Traditional practitioners often perform the circumcision. 1 ● In Sudan and Egypt, most rituals are carried out in a doctor’s office. 1 ○ Most girls undergo the procedure without any anesthetic (even in Sudan and Egypt). 1 ● Over 90% of girls in all cases have undergone the procedure before they turn 15. 1 ● Most of the percentage of girls below 15 is concentrated before the girls turn 9. 1 ● Performed using some sort of blade or a knife. 1 ● Girls often do not know the circumcision will take place until the ritual has begun. 2 ● 1 UNICEF. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change . Received from http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf 2 Sanctuary for Families. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation In The United States: Protecting Girls and Women in the U.S. from FGM and Vacation Cutting. Retrieved from http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies.org/storage/sanctuary/documents/report_onfgm_w_cover.pdf
Theoretical Framework ● Social Convention Theory ● Social Capital Theory
Social Convention Theory ● Social conventions are seen in most of a population when an individual in the population adopts an action because it seems personally beneficial to do so. 1 ● At the same time, every other member in the population is also seeing the benefits and adopting the action as well. 1 1 Rescorla, M. (Spring 2011). Convention. In E.N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/convention
Social Convention Theory cont’d based on [1] [1]Mackie, G. & LeJeune, J. (2009). Social dynamics of abandonment of harmful practices: Anew look at the theory (Special Series on Social Norms and Harmful Practices, Innocenti Working Paper No. 2009-06). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.unicef-irc. org/publications/pdf/iwp_2009_06.pdf
Social Convention Theory cont’d based on [1] [1]Mackie, G. & LeJeune, J. (2009). Social dynamics of abandonment of harmful practices: Anew look at the theory (Special Series on Social Norms and Harmful Practices, Innocenti Working Paper No. 2009-06). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.unicef-irc. org/publications/pdf/iwp_2009_06.pdf
Social Convention Theory cont’d based on [1] [1]Mackie, G. & LeJeune, J. (2009). Social dynamics of abandonment of harmful practices: Anew look at the theory (Special Series on Social Norms and Harmful Practices, Innocenti Working Paper No. 2009-06). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.unicef-irc. org/publications/pdf/iwp_2009_06.pdf
Social Capital Theory ● Being circumcised serves as a signal to other circumcised women that a girl or woman has been trained to respect the authority of her circumcised elders and is worthy of inclusion in their social network. 1 ● According to social capital theory , FGM facilitates the accumulation of: 1 social capital by younger women ○ of power and prestige by elder women ○ signals participation in a hierarchy of power. ○ 1 Social Science & Medicine. (2011). Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: testing predictions of social convention theory. Shell-Duncan, Wander, Hernulund & Moreau. Retrieved from http://socialcapitalreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/dynamics-of-change-in-female-genital-cutting.pdf
Social Capital Theory cont’d Sources: Social Science & Medicine. (2011). Dynamics of change in the practice of female genital cutting in Senegambia: testing predictions of social convention theory. Shell-Duncan, Wander, Hernulund & Moreau. Retrieved from http://socialcapitalreview.org/wp- content/uploads/2011/10/dynamics-of-change-in-female- genital-cutting.pdf
Where does FGM occur? ● Approximately 100-140 million women have experienced some form of FGM worldwide. 1 ● Most come from 1 of 30 countries in Africa and the Middle East. 2 ● Growing prevalence in Southeast Asia. 1 Kaplan-Marcusán, A., del Rio, N. F., Moreno-Navarro, J., Castany-Fàbregas, M. J., Nogueras, R., Muñoz-Ortiz, L., … & Torán-Monserrat, P. (2010). Female Genital Mutilation: perceptions of healthcare professionals and the perspective of the migrant families. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 193. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/193 2 UNICEF. (June 2007). Technical note: Coordinated strategy to abandon female genitalmutilation/cutting in one generation. New York, NY: UNICEF. Retrieved from http://www.childinfo. org/files/fgmc_Coordinated_Strategy_to_Abandon_FGMC__in_One_Generation_eng.pdf
Where does FGM occur? ● Prevalence in thirty countries throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and areas of the Middle East. ● Increasingly, however, FGM survivors and girls at risk are in Western countries, including the UK, Australia, and the US. 1 1 Kaplan-Marcusán, A., del Rio, N. F., Moreno-Navarro, J., Castany-Fàbregas, M. J., Nogueras, R., Muñoz-Ortiz, L., … & Torán-Monserrat, P. (2010). Female Genital Mutilation: perceptions of healthcare professionals and the perspective of the migrant families. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 193. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/193
48 out of 50 states have estimated numbers of women or girls at risk. Sources : Sanctuary for Families. (2013). Female Genital Mutilation In The United States: Protecting Girls and Women in the U.S. from FGM and Vacation Cutting . Retrieved from http://www.sanctuaryforfamilies. org/storage/sanctuary/documents/report_onfgm_w_cover.pdf AHA Foundation. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Statutes in the United States & United Kingdom . Retrieved from http://theahafoundation.org/wp/wp- content/uploads/2011/05/FGMLAWS_2013011.pdf
Impacts ● Health ● Family and Society ● Education ● Economic Situation Photo sources: https://imgarcade.com/
Impacts on Health ● Birth Complications ● Physical Complications ○ Long term ○ Short term ● Physiological Complications
Impacts on Education Absenteeism 1 ● Rite of passage 1 ○ Inability to concentrate=Lower performance=Higher risk of dropout 1 ● Marriageability 1 ● Kenya Example 1 ○ Financial hardship resulting from costs of procedure itself 1 ● 1 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. (July 2009). Female genital mutilation and education. Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.intact-network. net/intact/cp/files/1290690770_FGM%20&%20Education-%20GTZ%20(2009).pd f
Impacts on Family & Society ● Assumption that FGM is required to raise girls properly 1 ● Inappropriate association to religious practice 1 ● May lead to assumption that girls are naturally promiscuous 1 ● Equated with cleanliness and decreased pain at childbirth 1 1 World Health Organization. (2012). Female Genital Mutilation. Understanding ViolenceAgainst Women . Retrieved fromhttp://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/77428/1/WHO_RHR_12.41_eng.pdf
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