Expansion without Extinction Walawe River Basin Sri Lanka Sri - - PDF document

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Expansion without Extinction Walawe River Basin Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Harmonizing Environmental Considerations with Sustainable Development Potential of River Basins UNESCO HELP Symposium Eng. Dr. Sarath Abayawardana Director,

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“Expansion without Extinction” Walawe River Basin Sri Lanka Sri Lanka

Harmonizing Environmental Considerations with Sustainable Development Potential of River Basins – UNESCO HELP Symposium

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 1

  • Eng. Dr. Sarath Abayawardana

Director, National Science Foundation, Sri Lanka Former Head, Sri Lanka Program, International Water Management Institute

Background

  • “Walawe” is a HELP ‘ operational’ Basin, proposed by the

International Water Management Institute (IWMI) g ( )

  • IWMI operated this basin as one of its ‘ Benchmark Basins’
  • EXPANS

ION WITHOUT EXTINCTION: Biodiversity and Livelihoods in the Walawe Left Bank Irrigation Upgrading and Extension Proj ect

  • Material presented here to a very large part is acknowledged to

IWMI

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 2

IWMI

  • Partners:

MASL IWMI IUCN Nippon Koei Royal Netherlands Embassy Sri Lanka

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Tunnel Walawe river Samanala reservoir Weli Oya Kaltota Irrigation Scheme Anicuts

IWMI Benchmark Basins

Scrutinizing

Katupath Oya Power station

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 3

g River Basins: A Field Laboratory

Benchmark Basin Concept

Impacts Monitoring & Evaluation p

Strengthening IWMI Global Research

  • Mapping
  • Integration
  • Tools and

Methodologies

Capacity Building

Long term Continuity Synergy

Research - National Basin Priorities Development Interventions Options

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 4

Partnerships, Sm all Scale Research, Database developm ent i.e. know ledge base on basin

IWMI Research Framework and Themes

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Ruhuna Basins

Walawe Basin

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 5

Colombo Hambantota Kirindi Oya

Ruhuna Basins

Walawe Kirindi Oya Menikganga Malala Oya B t O

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 6

Kachchigala Ara Bambawe Oya Karagan Oya Butawa Oya

Wala we Kiri ndi Oya Menik g a nga M a la l a O ya Kac hc higala Ara Ba m b a we Oya Karagan Oy a Butaw a Oya
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Balangoda

  • Basin Area: 2,442 Km2
  • Length of the river: 84.9 Km
  • Altitude range: sea level to

2395 m

Walawe Features

Embilipitiya

  • Average annual precipitation:

2050 mm with uneven spatial distribution

  • Seasonal distribution: two wet

seasons with peaks in April and November

  • Estimated annual river flow at

the outlet: 34 Mm3

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 7 Ambalantota Hambantota

  • Left Bank Expansion 5152 ha

Balangoda Kaltota

Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa Samanalawewa dam dam dam dam dam dam dam dam dam

Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform Upland platform H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s H i g h l a n d s

W l W l W l W l W l W l W l W l W l

Walawe Features

Embilipitiya

R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s R i d g e s a n d v a l l e y s

dam dam dam Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe river river river river river river river river river

UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS

Uda Uda Uda Uda Uda Uda Uda Uda Uda Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe Walawe dam dam dam dam dam dam dam dam dam 23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 8

Ambalantota Hambantota

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Kilometers

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Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala Kachchigala ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara ara Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan Karagan

  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya
  • ya

UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS UWIS

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Samanala reservoir (254 Mm3) Energy generation

Balangoda

Walawe river Kaltota Irrigation scheme Divide between highlands/ridges and the plain

Walawe Features

g Uda Walawe reservoir (268 Mm3) Uda Walawe irrigation scheme

Embilipitiya

Extension Uda Walawe irrigation scheme Right bank main canals Uda Walawe National Park

left left 23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 9 10

Kilometers

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irrigation scheme Left bank main canals Chandrika reservoir Ridiyagama reservoir

Ambalantota Hambantota

under const. Liyangastota anicut Paddy fields

right right

Uda Walawe Dam

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 10

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Upstream Panoramic From the Uda Walawe Dam

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Ancient Sluice

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23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 15

The Banana Bonanza

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 16

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Small Tanks

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23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 19

Challenge ?

Demography

Total population in the basin: 574,000 Livelihoods:

Agriculture and Livestock

  • 90%
  • f the population of which

Irrigated paddy cultivation

  • 40%

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 20

S

lash & burn cultivation

  • 30%

Home garden cultivation

  • 20%

Other

  • 10%
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Population

Population density 2001

Inhabitant/km2

500 - 3,600 300 - 500 150 - 300 1 - 150

1981 2001

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 21

Irrigation

650 small tanks 761 anicuts

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 22

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Power-Irrigation conflict

40 Mm3= Rs. 210 million/year lost for CEB while the agricultural revenue How to force farmers Leak g from this water diverted is around Rs. 62 million/year.

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 23

in Kaltota to reduce water consumption?

New developments

Diversion to Mala Oya Left bank Extension Area

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 24

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Ruhunapura and development scenarios

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 25

100 Mm3 in 2030 Port & Industrial areas

Institutions for IWRM

Organization Role Ministry of Irrigation & Policy formulation and national level decision making for Water Resource Management * Irrigation Management Division management of water resource in Sri Lanka. Implementing Participatory Management policy in major irrigation systems in the country Department of Irrigation Designing, planning and construction of irrigation reservoirs and canal systems to provide irrigation facilities for farmers. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of irrigation systems Water Resource Board Groundwater research & development of deep wells National Water Supply & Domestic water supply improving drainage facilities in urban

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 26

National Water Supply & Drainage Board Domestic water supply, improving drainage facilities in urban areas Department of Agricultural Production and Development Rehabilitation, operation & maintenance of minor irrigation tank / canal systems

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Institutions for IWRM [Ctd..]

Organization Role Mahaweli Authority of Sri Operation & maintenance of Uda Walawe reservoir and its canal Lanka system Ceylon Electricity Board Management of Samanalawewa Reservoir for hydropower generation & downstream irrigation requirements National Aquatic Research Administration (NARA) Policy formulation & national level decision making for fishery management in freshwater, costal & lagoon resources in Sri Lanka.( Research on Fishery industry related activities) International Water Management Institute A Future Harvest Centre and part of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), focusing on t i bl t f l d d t i

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 27

sustainable management of land and water resources in developing world. Walawe is one of the IWMI Benchmark basins, which serve as field laboratories for research, capacity building and partnerships with multiple stakeholders

Main Issues and Challenges

  • New water allocation & management in Uda Walawe
  • Future diversion to Ruhunapura
  • Future diversion to Ruhunapura
  • Afforestation impact on chena and hydrology
  • New management in Kaltota
  • Bio-diversity conservation
  • « Intensification » of chena cultivation

Floods and Droughts: flood impacts are alleviated by

the existence of a large number of surface storage t k D ht 3 t 5 P t f th

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 28

  • tanks. Droughts occur every 3 to 5 years. Parts of the

basin experience water scarcity problems during February - March and July – October in almost every year.

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Basin Investigations

  • Basin development trajectories

W d i i

  • Water productivity
  • Water allocation and rights
  • Equity and distribution of benefits
  • Agriculture vs. environment
  • Food production and security

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 29

  • Institutions for basin level management
  • The basin within its wider economic and

political context

Expansion without Extinction Extinction

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Left Bank Extension

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23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 33

D – Canal Construction

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 34

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F F – – Canal Construction Canal Construction

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Land Reclamation Work

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 36

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Project Objective

To support the formulation of strategies for biodiversity To support the formulation of strategies for biodiversity conservation with large conservation with large-

  • scale water resource development

scale water resource development while protecting/enhancing the livelihoods of the rural poor while protecting/enhancing the livelihoods of the rural poor while protecting/enhancing the livelihoods of the rural poor, while protecting/enhancing the livelihoods of the rural poor,

  • n the basis of comprehensive scientific assessments:
  • n the basis of comprehensive scientific assessments:

1.

  • 1. Biodiversity assessment

Biodiversity assessment 2.

  • 2. Socio

Socio-

  • economic assessment

economic assessment

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 37

1.

  • 1. Pre

Pre-

  • development (baseline for comparison)

development (baseline for comparison) 2.

  • 2. During development (construction underway)

During development (construction underway) 3.

  • 3. Post

Post-

  • development (irrigation)

development (irrigation)

Three project phases: Three project phases:

Floral biodiversity

7 major vegetation/habitat types:

remnant degraded forest, chena, rock outcrop forest, dry thorny scrub, tank wetlands, home gardens, paddy

223 species of flowering plants from 56 families Species richness highest in rock outcrop &

remnant degraded forest

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 38

g

Species richness lowest in chena & paddy 10 invasive alien plants

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Group Fish Amphibs Reptiles Birds Mammals

Faunal biodiversity

Families 5 4 13 60 18 Species 13 16 40 205 25

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Endemic (% of SL) 3 (9.4) 1 (2.9) 4 (4.4) 5 (21.7) (0.0) Threatened 2 2 10 15 4

Biodiversity & biophysical baseline & during-development surveys

Floral/habitat detailed survey & before

Floral/habitat detailed survey & before-

  • during

during-

  • after monitoring

after monitoring

Two

Two-

  • weekly terrestrial surveys of birds, butterflies, herpetofauna

weekly terrestrial surveys of birds, butterflies, herpetofauna – – 42 42 sites sites sites sites

Monthly aquatic invertebrate & fish surveys

Monthly aquatic invertebrate & fish surveys -

  • 9 rainfed small tanks &

9 rainfed small tanks & Karagan Lewaya Karagan Lewaya

Monitoring of specific construction activities (e.g. tank breachings,

Monitoring of specific construction activities (e.g. tank breachings, clearing of canal traces) clearing of canal traces)

Bimonthly water quality monitoring

Bimonthly water quality monitoring -

  • 6 tanks & Karagan

6 tanks & Karagan

Analysis of hydrological data for Walawe Catchment

Analysis of hydrological data for Walawe Catchment

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 40

Analysis of hydrological data for Walawe Catchment

Analysis of hydrological data for Walawe Catchment

Analysis of satellite imagery of project area

Analysis of satellite imagery of project area

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Some impacts on biodiversity during construction phase

Massive decreases in total area of natural/semi-natural habitat, increases in manmade habitats/infrastructure, increased habitat fragmentation Alien invasive species spreading rapidly (e.g. Prosopis juliflora, Opuntia dillenii, Lantana camara) Increase in illegal activities (e.g. poaching, logging, quarrying

  • f rock outcrops)

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 41

Local decline in numbers of forest birds Increase in number of animal road kills (e.g. Limnonectes limnocharis, Calotes versicolor, Boiga trigonata ) Large-scale loss of fish populations with tank breachings

Socio-economic assessment

1 Assess socio-economic status of communities & Objectives: Objectives:

  • 1. Assess socio economic status of communities &

livelihood dependencies on natural & manmade resources (historical - present - future)

  • 2. Mobilise stakeholders to implement ecoagriculture

concepts & rational use of natural resources, through action plans

  • 3. Create stakeholder awareness of importance of

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 42

p biodiversity conservation in relation to maintaining sustainable livelihoods

  • 4. Derive a generic methodology, lessons learned &

appropriate intervention options for wider application

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Approach

Methodology Samples from three project phases

Techniques used

  • 1. Pre-development (baseline)
  • 2. During development (construction underway)
  • 3. Post-development (irrigation)

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 43

  • 1. Revision of existing documents (IWMI, Nippon Koei, MASL)
  • 2. Focus group discussions and interviews (stakeholders)
  • 3. Household and natural resource surveys
  • 4. Transect walks

Natural Resources Assessment

Identification & assessment of natural resource use

patterns pre and post irrigation development

Chena cultivation Chena cultivation Collection of forest resources (e.g. wood, Non-Timber

Forest Products)

Inland fisheries in village tanks Livestock ranching (e.g. grazing lands) Collection of wetland products (e.g. aquatic plants)

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 44

Paddy and highland crops

  • Economic valuation (e.g. market value of

NTFPs, cost of crop damage by wildlife)

  • Assessment of economic feasibility of strategies

proposed for biodiversity conservation

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Socio-economic findings

Highest rate of chronic poverty (JBIC- IWMI 2002) Main livelihood activities:

  • Chena cultivation
  • Livestock farming
  • Paddy cultivation under village tanks
  • Collecting forest products

Bulk of income (51%) from non-irrigated agricultural activities Newer families & greater number of dependents than upper LB area

d i i ti

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 45

under irrigation

Uncertainty prevails among communities (e.g. where they will be settled,

whether land will be assigned & irrigation water provided)

  • Biodiversity threatened prior to LB extension project

S d d l & i l i l f ill

Scio-economic findings contd.

  • Some endangered plant & animal species lost from area are still

found in adjoining forest reservations

  • Waterbodies providing habitats for birds, fish & other biota have

degenerated in quality

  • Clearing of remaining shrub jungle threatens existing livelihood

activities (e.g. chena, NTFPs)

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 46

  • Concern exists among communities/agencies regarding the

human-elephant conflict

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Key Actions and Interventions

  • Estabishment of

biodiversity refuges

Establishment of indigenous

avenue & tank catchment biodiversity refuges

  • Biomonitoring of

agroecosystem (feedback through progress meetings)

  • Establishment of

Biodiversity Park avenue & tank catchment plantations

Designing of new &

rehabilitated tanks to enhance waterfowl habitat

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 47

y adj oining Bolhinda wewa (education, protected storage of genetic resources)

Key Actions and Interventions (Ctd..)

  • Animal rescue operations from areas subj ected

to construction to construction

Awareness generation (TV documentary, media

& community workshops)

  • Community based habitat restoration (e.g.

management of invasive alien species, enrichment of remnant degraded dry zone forest) P i f l h (& h l l ) &

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 48

  • Protection of elephants (& other large mammals) &

mitigation of human-elephant conflict (monitoring elephant populations in proj ect area, translocations to protected areas – separate linked proj ect)

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23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 49

I mplement Eco-agriculture Strategies Land-use systems managed for both agricultural production & wild biodiversity conservation

Maximise habitat connectivity through hedgerows linking

uncultivated spaces (wildlife refuges in intensively managed p ( g y g landscapes, weed/livestock barriers, windbreaks, IPM refuges)

Reduce habitat destruction by increasing agricultural productivity &

sustainability on lands already being farmed

Enhance wildlife habitat on farms Ensure links to nearby protected areas Mimic natural habitats by integrating productive perennial plants

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 50

Mimic natural habitats by integrating productive perennial plants (e.g. multi-vegetation home gardens)

Modify resource management practices to improve habitat quality in

& around farmlands

Use farming methods that reduce pollution (e.g. organic farming)

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Fuel Wood & Avenue Tree Plantation

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 51

Community Participation in Tree Planting

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 52

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Bio-diversity Park

ÁÛÜ ÛÜ Ù‘ Ù‘æ$ æ$ ´{< ´{<`ÙÚ à½ ÙÚ à½æ$ æ$Í× Í× 23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 53

Programmes for Agriculture Development

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 54

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Farmer Demonstrations under Micro I rrigation

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Before After

Agricultural Development

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Uplifting the Living Standards

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 57

Expansion without Extinction

Irrigation Development –

a main strategy in socio-

Impact on Environment

and biodiversity a main strategy in socio economic development

Poverty Alleviation Livelihood Development

and biodiversity

Ecosystems and habitats

are cleared

Livelihood systems

depending on natural resources are affected

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 58

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  • Factors influencing biodiversity and related socioeconomic

Strategy Development

  • Factors influencing biodiversity and related socioeconomic

conditions are multiple, interwoven and interdependent in the context

  • S

cientifically sound methodologies are required to understand them in order to help develop strategies, approaches and actions for biodiversity preservation and livelihood enhancement in irrigation development proj ects.

  • Natural S

cientists and S

  • cial S

cientists need to interact

23 March 2010 UNESCO Help Symposium 59

  • Collecting data on biodiversity and socioeconomic aspects and

their interactions

  • Awareness creation and knowledge building of stakeholders for

participation

Thank You……

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