Environment-Enhancing Energy Paradigm -- Integrated Approach for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

1

Environment-Enhancing Energy Paradigm

• - Integrated Approach for BioEnergy, Water and Carbon

Capture

Yuanhui Zhang, PhD, PE Innoventor Professor in Engineering

• Dept. Agricultural and Biological Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

2

Biocrude oil

Clean water Multi-cycle nutrient and water reuse CO2 Sun light

Algae production

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)

Wastewater and nutrients from Post HTL to algae

Biomass from algae to HTL

Liquid Solids

Biowaste

Environment-Enhancing Energy Road-Map

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

3

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

4

Alternative Energy

Generate electricity and heat: Generate transportation fuel: Biofuel

Renewable resources

Conversion

Solar energy Wind farm Geothermal energy Hydroelectric power

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Why Low-Lipid Microalgae?

5

(Williams & Laurens, 2010) (Rodolfi et al., 2009)

Energy intensive (~75% of total)

Harvest Drying Oil Extraction Transesterification

Current approach: high-lipid microalgae for biodiesel.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

6

青岛 太湖 滇池 巢湖 The naturally

• ccurring algal

bloom s are all Low-lipid, fast – grow species. Low-lipid Slow-grow Lipid Content (%） Biomass High-lipid Fast-grow (Extraction) High-lipid Slow-grow （Pharmceuticals）

High High Low Low Lipid Fast-grow （HTL）

7

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

8

Based on the biogenic hypothesis

All fossil fuels found on earth – petroleum (including oil shale and tar sand), natural gas and coal, are formed through processes of ThermoChemical Conversion* from biomass buried beneath the ground and subjected to millions of years of high temperature and pressure. *ThermoChemical Conversion processes include pyrolysis,

hydrothermasl liquefaction and gasification

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

9

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)

Mimicking Mother Nature’s millions-of-years process of turning deceased living matters buried beneath the ground into petroleum, swine manure and

• ther bio-waste, have been converted into crude oil in

minutes using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology in 10 – 40 minutes.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

10

Source: Hunt, John. 1996 Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology HTL 1.8 min 1 billion yr CHG

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

11

Algae to Biocrude Conversion Efficiency

Initial lipid content and HTL oil conversion efficiency for different

• feedstocks. Energy recovery ratio is 3~11 to 1. Note that the HTL

can convert the very low-lipid algae into crude oil – a paradigm

shift from ‘extracting’ to ‘converting’. (Yu et al., 2011)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Chlorella Spirulina Chlamydomonas Algae SWP Algae GOM Diatom Algae UCSD RT Algae KELP Red Algae Seaweed Sewage sludge Swine manure

Percentage (wt%)

Bio-crude oil Yield Lipid Content

Microalgae Macroalgae Biowastes

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

12

1996

1999 2005

2015

2013 2011 2007

Hydro- thermal?

He et al., 2000, 2001 PFR pilot/commercial system (12 bbl/d) Licensed from UIUC PFR reactor system (2 gallon/d) Minarick et al. CSTR system (1 gallon/d) Ochemia et al., 2005, CSTR Commercial system (160 bbl/d) Licensed from UIUC CSTR Pilot system (10 bbl/d) Licensed from UIUC

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

HTL Feedstock and Biocrude

14

Food- Slaughter- Swine MWW processing house manure Algae

Feedstook Properties: Ash Content (dry based) 1.5 8.38 16.3 47.5 Lipid content 52.3 23.8 20.3 1.7 C 60.7 59.5 41.1 27.9 H 8.49 8.77 5.42 3.01 N 3.33 5.44 3.36 3.9 O 27.5 26.3 50.1 65.2 Biocrude oil yield (% dw TS) 62.4 72.1 39 46.8** High Heating Value (MJ/kg) 40.6 36.5 38.8 32.5 C 75.4 69.7 76.6 59.4 H 12 11.1 10.3 7.79 N 1.79 2.32 3.76 2.5 O 10.8 16.8 9.4 30.3 Energy Recovery (%)* 91.2 96.7 83.8 84.2**

* ER not include 5-10% HTL process energy; ** For volatile solids

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Distillation of HTL Biocrude

15

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

16

Fuel specification analysis and engine test of BD10-20

Fuel Spec Property Upgraded BD-10 (FPW) Upgraded BD-20 (FPW) Diesel Viscosity @20 °C (mm2/s)a 3.737 3.050i 3.746 Acidity (mg KOH/g)b 0.08-0.23 0.26-0.33 0.3 e Existent Gum (mg/100ml)f 0.17 wt.% 0.21 wt.% 0.21 wt.% Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg)e 44.7 44.2 46.1 Cetane Number (min) f 44.2 43.6 40> e Lubricity (μm) f 364 324 <520 e Oxidation Stability (hrs) f 48> 48> 6> e Engine Test Power Generated (ft-lb) 7.4 -13.5 6.0-13.7 7.3-13.5 EGT (°C) h 326.3- 569.6 303.7-554.1 334.9 -574.4 Thermal Efficiencies j TBAi TBAi TBAi CO emission (ppm) 0.04-1.82 0.05-1.66 0.05-2.12 CO2 emission (ppm) 7.06-11.4 6.22-11.7 7.12-11.6 NOx emission (ppm) 606-1576 551-1456 540-1549 Unburnt hydrocarbons (ppm) 14-26 18-29 14-32 Particulate matter emission (Soot) TBD TBD TBD

aMeasured by Cannon-Fenske Viscometer (ASTM D7566-14a); bMeasured by ASTM D664; cMeasured by ASTM D93; d According to ASTM D7566-14a; e ASTM D7467-13; f Modified ASTM D381, heat the sample in the furnace from room temperature to 240 °C for 30 minutes; g Not applied; h Exhaust Gas

Temperature; Through the cooperation with Prof. Chia-Fon Lee; i To be analyzed; j check the reference papers on Biomass & Bioenergy

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Synergy of Algae and Wastewater Treatment

17

National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap: (DOE, 2010, pg. 83) “Inevitably, wastewater treatment and recycling must be incorporated with algae biofuel production.” WHY? “Nutrient recycling would be needed since wastewater flows in the United States are insufficient to support large-scale algae production on the basis of a single use

• f nutrients.”

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

18

Nitrogen Balance of the HTL Process

• As temperature increased, more nitrogen was recovered by aqueous product.
• NR of bio-crude oil increased mainly due to the increase of its yield.
• About 75% of nitrogen remained in the aqueous phase after HTL.

Chlorella Chlorella

Yu et al., 2011

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Destruction of Bio-active Compounds and Antibiotic Resistance Gene via HTL Process

14 C-BPA/Estradiol

+ Swine Manure Flofernicol Certiofur Estrone

HTL Treatment

Temperature:250 – 300oC Reaction Time: 15, 30, 60 min

HPLC Analysis Liquid Scintillation Counter

BPA Estradiol

Distribution of 14C from BPA and Estradiol in the HTL final products (3000C, 60 min RT)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Destruction of Bisphenol A

a) 3000C-60 min b) 3000C-45 min c) 3000C-15 min

60 min 45 min 15 min 20 40 60 80 100

Feedstock % C14 in post HTL wastewater

Figure 3: Percentage of 14C in HTL wastewater.

Detection of BPA and its breakdown products before and after HTL treatment at 300oC and three different reaction times: a) 60 min, b) 45 min, and c) 15 min. (Pham et al., 2013) 300 C

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Left: DNA concentration pre- and post HTL treatment; Right: Agarose gel of plasmid DNA extracts from pure E. Coli culture before HTL treatment (Well 1) and after various HTL treatments (Well 2-7) versus size standards (Well 8).

15 30 45 60 75 0.1 1 10 100 1000 E.Coli-250

• C

E.Coli-300

• C

Swine manure+E.Coli-250

• C

DNA concentration (ng/mL) Retention time (min)

Destruction of Plasmid DNA via HTL Treatment

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

22

Aqueous Solids Gases Biocrude

→Ⅰ: 3, 2+4(2-, 3-) →Ⅱ: 4(6)+(5, 2) →Ⅲ: 3(1, 2)

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ

HTL Pathway Analysis (Outputs Distribution)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

23

Pathway Analysis -- Effect of FS Composition

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

STELLA

 Widely used in biological, ecological, and environmental sciences (Hannon and Ruth 1999, Ouyang 2008)

24

Model Construction

1 2 3 4 5

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

Evaluate process improvements

25

Dilute Liquid Concentrated Biosolids Hydrothermal Liquefaction Algal- bacterial Cultivation Waste Pretreatment Harvested Biomass

PHWW

Biocrude Oil Residue CO2 Waste Stream

Q 1000 TSS 210 C 132 N 40 Q 999 TSS 63 C 75 N 37 Q 0.7 TSS 147 C 57 N 4 Q 9.0 C 226 N 121

CO2

C 31 TSS 942 C 472 N 147 Q 1008 TSS 20 C 38 N 9 Oil 990 C 657 N 23 Residue 379 C 123 N 7

Improved Scenario: 10 Times Biosolids Amplification

Treated Wastewater

C 314

Solids 210 C 132 C 686 Solids 1959 C 992 = 10 _________ +

TSS 147

1 2 3 4 5

Zhou, 2014

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

The combination system diagram

Raw materials Biogas Membrane The condensed effluent was used for water soluble fertilizer The diluted Microalgae cultivation N, P absorption and wastewater treatment Biocrude

• il

production Microalgae used as co- digestion to produce CH4

• Fig. The diagram of anaerobic digestion and microalgae

cultivation CO2

E2-Energy Demonstration Unit on Campus

Pilot HTL Reactor (2 ton/day Biocrude Capacity)

Feedstock Supply System

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

31

Clean water Multi-cycle nutrient and water reuse CO2 Sun light

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)

Wastewater and nutrients from Post HTL to algae

Biomass from algae to HTL

Liquid Solids

Manure

Q = 1000 TSS = 4.0 C = 3.6 N = 0.725

Carbon capture C = 9.1 ton Biomass = 37.9 C captured = 18.9 N recycled = 2.61 Biocrude = 14.5 ton

A Case Study: 1,000 t/d Wastewater Treatment Plant

(Equivalent to a 6,000 hog farm based on TSS, N&C)

Let’s think big … E2-Energy Potential

Collected per year: 54 Billion m3 wastewater 200 million tons nutrient-rich solids

http://news.cnet.com/i/bto/20080620/Seambio tic_Ponds_540x354.jpg

0.6~1.2 Billion tons Biocrude equivalent!

US consumed 1.1 billion tons of crude oil in 2013

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

33

Thank you