New Paradigm in Himalayan Foreland Exploration: New Paradigm in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

New Paradigm in Himalayan Foreland Exploration: New Paradigm in Himalayan Foreland Exploration: New Paradigm in Himalayan Foreland Exploration: New Paradigm in Himalayan Foreland Exploration: Challenges Challenges Challenges Challenges and and and and Opportunities Opportunities Opportunities Opportunities

Vikas Vikas Vikas Vikas K Singh K Singh K Singh K Singh*, *, *, *, Manish Manish Manish Manish Shukla, Shukla, Shukla, Shukla, Yadunath Yadunath Yadunath Yadunath Jha Jha Jha Jha, , , , Ashish C Ashish C Ashish C Ashish C Shukla, Shukla, Shukla, Shukla, Neha Neha Neha Neha Rawat Rawat Rawat Rawat, , , , B B B B K K K K Mangaraj Mangaraj Mangaraj Mangaraj, , , , Hari Hari Hari Hari Lal Lal Lal Lal

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., India India India India

Geosciences Technology Geosciences Technology Geosciences Technology Geosciences Technology Workshop Workshop Workshop Workshop Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai, India, 6 , India, 6 , India, 6 , India, 6-

• 7 December 2017

7 December 2017 7 December 2017 7 December 2017

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Tectonic Tectonic Tectonic Tectonic Map Map Map Map of

• f
• f
• f Himalayan

Himalayan Himalayan Himalayan Foreland Foreland Foreland Foreland Basin, Basin, Basin, Basin, showing showing showing showing positions positions positions positions of

• f
• f
• f Himalayan

Himalayan Himalayan Himalayan Foothills Foothills Foothills Foothills and and and and Ganga Ganga Ganga Ganga Basin Basin Basin Basin with with with with respect respect respect respect to to to to Vindhyan Vindhyan Vindhyan Vindhyan and and and and Bikaner Bikaner Bikaner Bikaner-

• Nagaur

Nagaur Nagaur Nagaur Basins Basins Basins Basins

modified after British Petroleum, 1991

Litho-stratigraphy of Himalayan Foothills Litho-stratigraphy of Ganga Basin

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Outline tectonic map of the northwest Himalaya and adjoining regions showing regional framework of lower Tertiaries and stromatolite-bearing Proterozoic limestone inliers zone. Inset rectangles are locations of Proterozoic limestone inlier zones (Thakur, 2010) Cross-sections illustrating position of thrust MWT and MBT and stromatolite-bearing limestone on its hanging wall

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

• 1. Input

Stratigraphy Lithology & Facies Source Rock Properties

• 2. Boundary Conditions

PWD / SWIT / HF

• 4. Output
• 3. Simulation

Recalibrate

• 5. Calibration Data

e.g. T / Ro / P

PetroMod PetroMod PetroMod PetroMod* * * * 1D 1D 1D 1D Modeling Modeling Modeling Modeling Workflow Workflow Workflow Workflow

Analyze Define Define

Objective

Understand the Petroleum System(s): Source Reservoir Seal Trap Maturation Migration Timing and associated uncertainties

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Source Kinetics

Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Proterozoic Proterozoic Proterozoic Proterozoic

Geological Model Building

B H T

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Present Day Temperature Present Day Temperature Present Day Temperature Present Day Temperature calibration calibration calibration calibration Paleo Paleo Paleo Paleo Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature ( ( ( (VRo VRo VRo VRo) ) ) ) calibration calibration calibration calibration Paleo Paleo Paleo Paleo Heat Heat Heat Heat F F F Flow low low low ( ( ( (Tmax Tmax Tmax Tmax) ) ) ) calibration calibration calibration calibration

Calibration of PS Model of Well Calibration of PS Model of Well Calibration of PS Model of Well Calibration of PS Model of Well GB GB GB GB-

• C,

C, C, C, Sarda Sarda Sarda Sarda Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin

• Calibration of present

Calibration of present Calibration of present Calibration of present day heat flow with respect to corrected bottom hole day heat flow with respect to corrected bottom hole day heat flow with respect to corrected bottom hole day heat flow with respect to corrected bottom hole temperature, temperature, temperature, temperature, p p p paleo aleo aleo aleo temperature with temperature with temperature with temperature with VRo VRo VRo VRo maturity and maturity and maturity and maturity and p p p paleo aleo aleo aleo heat flow with heat flow with heat flow with heat flow with Tmax Tmax Tmax Tmax data data data data shows shows shows shows a good a good a good a good correlation correlation correlation correlation and parity and parity and parity and parity between well between well between well between well and modelled data and modelled data and modelled data and modelled data

Corrected BHT Corrected BHT Corrected BHT Corrected BHT

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

• Middle

Middle Middle Middle Miocene, Miocene, Miocene, Miocene, Lower Lower Lower Lower Siwalik Siwalik Siwalik Siwalik Formations Formations Formations Formations are are are are immature immature immature immature

• Maturity

Maturity Maturity Maturity trend trend trend trend derived derived derived derived from from from from the the the the present present present present work work work work indicates indicates indicates indicates source source source source rock rock rock rock layers layers layers layers present present present present in in in in Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic ( ( ( (Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani, , , , Tilhar Tilhar Tilhar Tilhar and and and and Karnapur Karnapur Karnapur Karnapur Formations) Formations) Formations) Formations) have have have have reached reached reached reached maturity maturity maturity maturity of

• f
• f
• f early

early early early to to to to main main main main window window window window of

• f
• f
• f oil
• il
• il
• il generation

generation generation generation Burial History with Burial History with Burial History with Burial History with maturity Overlay maturity Overlay maturity Overlay maturity Overlay of Well

• f Well
• f Well
• f Well GB

GB GB GB-

• C,

C, C, C, Sarda Sarda Sarda Sarda Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Burial History with TR Potential Overlay Burial History with TR Potential Overlay Burial History with TR Potential Overlay Burial History with TR Potential Overlay of Well

• f Well
• f Well
• f Well GB

GB GB GB-

• C,

C, C, C, Sarda Sarda Sarda Sarda Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin Depression, Ganga Basin

• Critical

Critical Critical Critical moment moment moment moment for for for for the deepest source the deepest source the deepest source the deepest source rocks in Neoproterozoic rocks in Neoproterozoic rocks in Neoproterozoic rocks in Neoproterozoic Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani Formations were at ~18.70 Formations were at ~18.70 Formations were at ~18.70 Formations were at ~18.70 Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma, because because because because of the relatively higher heat

• f the relatively higher heat
• f the relatively higher heat
• f the relatively higher heat

flow values flow values flow values flow values in in in in Sarda Sarda Sarda Sarda depression depression depression depression

• Over

Over Over Over a long hiatus a long hiatus a long hiatus a long hiatus after after after after Mesoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic , Neoproterozoic , Neoproterozoic , Neoproterozoic sediments deposited sediments deposited sediments deposited sediments deposited on stable

• n stable
• n stable
• n stable

passive passive passive passive margin margin margin margin

• Tertiary

Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary sediments are sediments are sediments are sediments are characterized by continental characterized by continental characterized by continental characterized by continental sediments deposited over sediments deposited over sediments deposited over sediments deposited over Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic sediments sediments sediments sediments after a after a after a after a long hiatus of around 520 Ma long hiatus of around 520 Ma long hiatus of around 520 Ma long hiatus of around 520 Ma Fraction (%) Time (Ma)

18.70 Ma 50% 23.99 Ma 35.26% 23.99 Ma 19.55%

Depth (m) Time (Ma)

200 400 600 600 400 200

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

PSE Chart for Proterozoic sequences; Well GB-C, Ganga Basin PSE Chart for Tertiary sequences; Well GB-C

• Middle

Middle Middle Middle Miocene, Miocene, Miocene, Miocene, Lower Lower Lower Lower Siwalik Siwalik Siwalik Siwalik Formations Formations Formations Formations are are are are immature immature immature immature

• Maturity

Maturity Maturity Maturity trend trend trend trend derived derived derived derived from from from from the the the the present present present present work work work work indicates indicates indicates indicates source source source source rock rock rock rock layers layers layers layers present present present present in in in in Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic ( ( ( (Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani Ujhani, , , , Tilhar Tilhar Tilhar Tilhar and and and and Karnapur Karnapur Karnapur Karnapur Formations) Formations) Formations) Formations) have have have have reached reached reached reached maturity maturity maturity maturity of

• f
• f
• f

early early early early to to to to main main main main window window window window of

• f
• f
• f oil
• il
• il
• il generation

generation generation generation

Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum Systems Systems Systems Systems and and and and Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Generation Generation Generation Generation in in in in the the the the Ganga Ganga Ganga Ganga Basin Basin Basin Basin

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

• Lower

Lower Lower Lower Dharamshala Dharamshala Dharamshala Dharamshala/ / / /Subathu Subathu Subathu Subathu formation indicates very good organic formation indicates very good organic formation indicates very good organic formation indicates very good organic matter richness and hydrocarbon matter richness and hydrocarbon matter richness and hydrocarbon matter richness and hydrocarbon generation potential. generation potential. generation potential. generation potential. Tmax Tmax Tmax Tmax data (425 data (425 data (425 data (425-

• 434

434 434 434o

• C)

C) C) C) indicates immature/ indicates immature/ indicates immature/ indicates immature/ organic

• rganic
• rganic
• rganic

matter matter matter matter

Source Rock Source Rock Source Rock Source Rock Log Log Log Log : Himalayan Foothills : Himalayan Foothills : Himalayan Foothills : Himalayan Foothills

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

ββ/ ββ + αα C29 steranes vs S/S+R C29 sterane plot of Baghewala oil, Piplod oil show (Vindhyan) and Kangra Recess (Sub-Himalaya) oil seeps

Oil Shows Correlation Oil Shows Correlation Oil Shows Correlation Oil Shows Correlation

• Biomarker studies like

Biomarker studies like Biomarker studies like Biomarker studies like Pr Pr Pr Pr/ / / /Ph Ph Ph Ph (1.03 (1.03 (1.03 (1.03-

• 1.56), C29H/C30H (0.9

1.56), C29H/C30H (0.9 1.56), C29H/C30H (0.9 1.56), C29H/C30H (0.9-

• 1.2) and

1.2) and 1.2) and 1.2) and C35H/C34 (0.9 C35H/C34 (0.9 C35H/C34 (0.9 C35H/C34 (0.9-

• 1.08), presence of

1.08), presence of 1.08), presence of 1.08), presence of C29ββ and sulphur content (1.8%) C29ββ and sulphur content (1.8%) C29ββ and sulphur content (1.8%) C29ββ and sulphur content (1.8%) indicates marine oil sourced from indicates marine oil sourced from indicates marine oil sourced from indicates marine oil sourced from Late Precambrian strata deposited in Late Precambrian strata deposited in Late Precambrian strata deposited in Late Precambrian strata deposited in anoxic environment of anoxic environment of anoxic environment of anoxic environment of carbonate/mixed carbonate carbonate/mixed carbonate carbonate/mixed carbonate carbonate/mixed carbonate-

• siliclastic

siliclastic siliclastic siliclastic sourced oil, indicates that both the sourced oil, indicates that both the sourced oil, indicates that both the sourced oil, indicates that both the seeps and seeps and seeps and seeps and Baghewala Baghewala Baghewala Baghewala heavy oil are heavy oil are heavy oil are heavy oil are geochemically alike or genetically geochemically alike or genetically geochemically alike or genetically geochemically alike or genetically correlatable correlatable correlatable correlatable

Pr/Ph C29H/C30H C29H/C30H C29H/C30H C29H/C30H C35H/C34H C35H/C34H C35H/C34H C35H/C34H Sulphur % Remarks Piplod Oil Show Vindhyan Basin

1.56 1.05 1.08 1.8 Presence of n-alkanes from C12- C26 (Maxima at C21) indicates non-biodegraded marine oil

Meera Maseet (Mandi) Oil Show, HF

• 0.94-1.20

0.84-0.90

• *Presence of n-alkanes from C12-

C30 indicates non-biodegraded marine oil *Anoxic depositional environment

• f carbonate/mixed carbonate-

siliclastic sourced oil. Dominance

• f Marine source OM

Shel Oil Show, HF

1.03 0.88

• Presence of BNH

indicates sulphur rich source OM *Mixed Source input, predominantly marine *Thermal maturity: Early mature

Baghewala-1 Bikaner Nagaur Basin

0.9

• 1.21

*High 24-isopropyl/ n propylcholestane ratios (≥ 1) indicates Early Cambrian source of

• il

* Non-biodegraded based on abundant n-paraffins and acyclic isoprenoids *Thermal maturation parametres indicate generation from the source rock within the early oil window

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Stable Carbon Isotopic values of δ13C1 (-28 to -33 ‰) of the gas samples collected from wells in Tertiary sequences of Kangra Recess, HF and Proterozoic sequences

• f Ganga Basin (Karnapur Formation) shows similar maturity indicating the

possibility of common source for Tertiary and Proterozoic gas

Oil and Gas Resources of India: Exploration and Production Opportunities and Challenges

Geosciences Technology Workshop; Mumbai, India, 6-7 December 2017

Based on PSM, oil and gas seeps data it may be inferred that there is a common deeper source rock for the HC shows known from the Himalayan foreland Basin. Neo-Proterozoic platformal carbonate/mixed carbonate-siliclastic sourced may have generated hydrocarbon which remained pooled in deeper complex strati- structural Proterozoic as well as Tertiary traps. Neo-Proterozoic carbonates associated with Lower Tertiary belt between MBT and MWT (Palampur, Bilaspur & Nahan Thrust) may provide the Neo-Proterozoic play at shallower depth as a primary exploratory target. Thus necessitating a shift in focus from Tertiary exploration model to Neo- Proterozoic exploration model in Kangra Recess of Himalayan Foothill.

Inferences Inferences Inferences Inferences and and and and Way Way Way Way Forward Forward Forward Forward