E NVIRONME NT AL COMPARISON OF T HE RMOCHE MICAL AND BIOCHE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 E NVIRONME NT AL COMPARISON OF T HE RMOCHE MICAL AND BIOCHE MICAL WAYS F OR PRODUCING E NE RGY F ROM AGRICUL T URAL SOL ID RE SIDUE S: COF F E E CUT - ST E MS CASE CARL OS A. GARCÍA, AL VARO GOME Z, RAMIRO BE T ANCOURT , CARL OS A. CARDONA INST IT UT O DE BIOT E CNOL OGÍA Y AGROINDUST RIA, DE PART AME NT O DE INGE NIE RÍA QUÍMICA. UNIVE RSIDAD NACIONAL DE COL OMBIA SE DE MANIZAL E S.

Outline 2 I ntro duc tio n  Ag ric ultura l Re sidue s in Co lo mb ia  Co ffe e Cut-Ste ms (CCS)  Ga sific a tio n a nd E tha no l F e rme nta tio n  Ob je c tive  Me tho do lo g y  CCS Cha ra c te riza tio n  Simula tio n Pro c e dure  E ne rg y a nd E nviro nme nta l Asse ssme nt  Re sults  Co nc lusio ns  Re fe re nc e s 

Ag ric ultura l Re sidue s 1. I ntro duc tio n 3 Cro p Re sidue s Ag ric ultura l Cro ps Ha rve sting Ag ro industria l Pro c e ssing Re sidue s

Co ffe e Cut-Ste ms 1. I ntro duc tio n 4 Co lo mb ia is the fo urth la rg e st pro duc e r o f Co ffe e in the Wo rld. 80,000 he c ta re s o f Co ffe e tre e Wo o d a re c utte d to re ne w the pla nts 17 to nne o f dry Wo o d pe r da y c a n b e o b ta ine d 690 GWe c a n b e He a ting a nd g e ne ra te d Co o king

T ra nsfo rma tio n Me tho ds 1. I ntro duc tio n 5 Pyro lysis T he rmo c he mic a l Co mb ustio n T e c hno lo g ie s Ga sific a tio n Cro ps Re sidue s Se le c te d T e c hno lo g ie s E tha no lic F e rme nta tio n Bio c he mic a l T e c hno lo g ie s Da rk F e rme nta tio n

Ga sific a tio n 1. I ntro duc tio n 6 Ga sifying Ag e nt Air Ra w Ma te ria l Bio e tha no l Po we r Ge ne ra tio n Synthe sis Ga s Hydro g e n, Ca rb o n Mo no xide , Me tha ne , Ca rb o n Dio xide a nd Nitro g e n

E tha no l F e rme nta tio n 1. I ntro duc tio n 7 E nzyma tic Ac id Hydrolysis Sac c har ific ation Sulfuric Ac id 2%wt. Ce lluc la st 1.5L a nd T e mpe ra ture 115°C Visc o zyme T e mpe ra ture = 50°C Ra w Ma te ria l Solid Re sidue s Co g e ne ra tio n E thanol F e r me ntation De toxific ation Ove rliming with L ime Z . Mo bilis T e mpe ra ture = 33°C T e mpe ra ture = 60°C E tha no l, b io ma ss, CO 2 ,

Ob je c tive 8  T he a im o f this study is to e va lua te a nd c o mpa re the e ne rg y a nd e nviro nme nta l a sse ssme nt o f two pro c e sse s fo r e ne rg y pro duc tio n (e tha no l fe rme nta tio n a nd g a sific a tio n) fro m Co ffe e Cut- Ste ms.

Ge ne ra l De sc riptio n 2. Me tho do lo g y 9 Simula tio n • Ga s Co mpo sitio n • CCS c ha ra c te riza tio n • E tha no l Yie ld • Pilo t-sc a le g a sific a tio n • Aspe n Plus V8.0 • E nviro nme nta l • E tha no l F e rme nta tio n • Wa ste Re duc tio n I mpa c t Alg o rithm (WAR) • E ne rg y E ffic ie nc y E xpe rime nta l Re sults

Ra w Ma te ria l 2. Me tho do lo g y 10 Che mic al Composition Ho lo c e llulo se L ig nin Ash E xtra c tive s E E le me nta l le me nta l Co nte nt Co nte nt Co nte nt Co nte nt • � � 0.635 ∗ �� � 0.460 ∗ �� � 0.095 ∗ ��� Ana lysis Ana lysis • � � 0.059 ∗ �� � 0.060 ∗ �� � 0.010 ∗ ��� • � � 0.34 ∗ �� � 0.469 ∗ �� � 0.023 ∗ ��� •NRE L / T P- •AST M Sta nda rd •T APPI T 222 •NRE L / T P- 510-42619 D1104 510-42622 Ca lo rific Ca lo rific Ash F ixe d Ca rb o n Vo la tile Ma tte r �� ��� �� • ��� � 19.2880 � 0.2135 � 1.9584 � 0.0234 Va lue Va lue �� �� ��� •NRE L / T P-510- •AST M D3175 - 11 •AST M D3172 - 13 42622 10

Simula tio n Pro c e dure 2. Me tho do lo g y 11 Air Gasific ation Pyrolysis Coffee Cut ‐ Stems ������� � ���� → � � � ��� ����� Dryer Water Combustion Electricity � � , ��� ����� � � � → �� � � � � � � ���� Steam Generation Chipper ��� ����� � ���� → �� � � � LP ‐ Steam Gasifier Reduction Turbine � � � �� 2 ↔ 2�� Electricity � � � � 2 � ↔ �� � � 2 Air Exhaust Gas Syngas � � � 2� 2 ↔ �� 4 Gas Engine �� 4 � � 2 � ↔ �� � 3� 2 Ash �� � � 2 � ↔ �� 2 � � 2 Re ac tion Me c hanism

12 me ntation Simula tio n Pro c e dure e r thanol F E

ithm (WAR) Waste Re duc tion Algor

What topic s ar e e valuate d? • Huma n to xic ity po te ntia l b y ing e stio n (HT PI ) • Huma n to xic ity po te ntia l b y de rma l a nd inha la tio n e xpo sure (HT PE ) • T e rre stria l to xic ity po te ntia l (T T P) • Aq ua tic to xic ity po te ntia l (AT P) • Glo b a l wa rming po te ntia l (GWP) • Ozo ne de ple tio n po te ntia l (ODP) • Pho to c he mic a l o xida tio n po te ntia l (PCOP) • Ac idific a tio n po te ntia l (AP)

Physic o c he mic a l Cha ra c te riza tio n 3. Re sults 15 Coffe e Cut- Ste ms Mo isture Co nte nt (%wt) 8.7 Che mic al Composition (% wt dr y) Ce llulo se 40.39 He mic e llulo se 34.01 L ig nin 10.13 Raw Mate rial HHV (Mj/ kg) E xtra c tive s 14.18 Sug a rc a ne Ba g a sse 17.70 Ash 1.27 Pr oximate Analysis (% wt dr y) Ric e Husk 16.47 Vo la tile Ma tte r 82.15 F ixe d Ca rb o n 16.78 Ash 1.07 E le me ntal Analysis (% wt dr y) Ca rb o n 48.35 Hydro g e n 5.93 Oxyg e n 44.21 HHV (MJ/ K g ) c a lc ula te d 19.32 HHV (MJ/ K g ) e xpe rime nta l 18.26

Pilo t-sc a le g a sific a tio n 3. Re sults 16 Zainal e t al., Composition (% Vol) Coffe e Cut- Ste ms Pinus Radiata 17.41 15.23 Hydr oge n 3.13 1.58 Me thane 12.88 16.42 Carbon Monoxide 15.8 23.04 Carbon Dioxide 49.6 42.31 Nitr oge n 4.74 3.92 Calor ific Value (Mj/ kg) Za ina l, Z. a ., Ali, R., L e a n, C.H., Se e tha ra mu, K .N., 2001. Pre dic tio n o f pe rfo rma nc e o f a do wndra ft g a sifie r using e q uilib rium mo de ling fo r diffe re nt b io ma ss ma te ria ls. E ne rg y Co nve rs. Ma na g . 42, 1499–1515.

E tha no l F e rme nta tio n 17 Pre tre a tme nt Re sults Hig h de to xific a tio n te mpe ra ture Pr oc e ss Conc e ntr ation (g/ L ) Conve r sion Yie ld (% ) re duc e s the c o nte nt o f to xic Ac id Hydro lysis 33.4 74 c o mpo unds b ut inc re a se s the de c o mpo sitio n o f sug a rs a nd De to xific a tio n 19.5 43 thus re duc e s the a c id hydro lysis E nzyma tic yie ld. 18.3 45 Sa c c ha rific a tio n E thanol Yie ld (g/ g substr ate ) L o we r e tha no l pro duc tio n due T his study 0.41 to the lo w a c id hydro lysis yie ld a fte r the de to xific a tio n pro c e ss Aristiza b a l e t a l., 0.495 Aristizá b a l M, V., Gó me z P, Á., Ca rdo na A, C.A., 2015. Bio re fine rie s b a se d o n c o ffe e c ut-ste ms a nd sug a rc a ne b a g a sse : F ura n-b a se d c o mpo unds a nd a lka ne s a s inte re sting pro duc ts. Bio re so ur. T e c hno l. 196, 480–9.

Simula tio n Re sults 18 Hig h syng a s pro duc tio n b ut lo w Platfor m Yie ld Units fe rme nta b le sug a rs whic h is 2.84 kg syng a s/ kg CCS Synthe sis g a s hinde re d ma inly b y the ra w ma te ria l a nd the pre tre a tme nt 0.38 kg sug a rs/ kg CCS me tho ds F e r me ntable sugar s Pr oduc tivity Yie ld De spite the hig he r e ne rg y Pr oduc t c o nte nt o f the e tha no l, the Va lue Units Va lue Units pro duc tio n yie ld o f e le c tric ity is hig he r due to 21.5 MW 7.09 Mj/ kg CCS Powe r the hig h pro duc tivity o f synthe sis g a s fro m CCS. 2,056.52 kg / h 5.44 Mj/ kg CCS E tha nol

E nviro nme nta l Asse ssme nt 3. Re sults 19 Po te ntia l E nviro nme nta l I mpa c t 5 4,5 E thanol – HT PI and T T P Impact (PEI/kg product) 4 F ina l dispo sitio n o f the 3,5 stilla g e fro m the 3 do wnstre a m pro c e ssing . Ethanol 2,5 2 Gasification Gasific ation – GWP 1,5 CO 2 e missio ns a s a 1 c o nse q ue nc e o f the synthe sis g a s c o mb ustio n 0,5 0 HTPI TTP GWP PCOP TOTAL

Co nc lusio ns 20  T his wo rk e va lua te d a the rmo c he mic a l a nd b io c he mic a l ro ute to o b ta in b io e ne rg y (e tha no l a nd e le c tric ity) fro m the e nviro nme nta l po int o f vie w. T he mo st pro mising te c hno lo g y to pro duc e b io e ne rg y se e ms to b e the g a sific a tio n due to the hig h syng a s/ b io ma ss ra tio in c o mpa riso n to the pla tfo rm to o b ta in sug a rs to b e use d in a fe rme nta tio n.  Be side s, the a mo unt o f e ne rg y tha t c a n b e o b ta ine d fro m the dire c t use o f CCS to g e ne ra te e le c tric ity thro ug h the synthe sis g a s pla tfo rm pre se nts a no ve l sc e na rio fo r its imple me nta tio n in zo ne s whe re the po we r supplie d is no t c a rrie d o ut.

Co nc lusio ns 21  T he g e ne ra tio n o f e le c tric ity thro ug h g a sific a tio n c a n b e c o nside re d a s a ve ry lo w e missio n pro c e ss sinc e pa rt o f the e ne rg y is use d in the sa me pro c e ss a nd the re ma inde r c a n b e so ld to the g rid.