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1 E NVIRONME NT AL COMPARISON OF T HE RMOCHE MICAL AND BIOCHE MICAL WAYS F OR PRODUCING E NE RGY F ROM AGRICUL T URAL SOL ID RE SIDUE S: COF F E E CUT - ST E MS CASE CARL OS A. GARCA, AL VARO GOME Z, RAMIRO BE T

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SLIDE 1

E NVIRONME NT AL COMPARISON OF T HE RMOCHE MICAL AND BIOCHE MICAL WAYS F OR PRODUCING E NE RGY F ROM AGRICUL T URAL SOL ID RE SIDUE S: COF F E E CUT

  • ST

E MS CASE

CARL OS A. GARCÍA, AL VARO GOME Z, RAMIRO BE T ANCOURT , CARL OS A. CARDONA INST IT UT O DE BIOT E CNOL OGÍA Y AGROINDUST RIA, DE PART AME NT O DE INGE NIE RÍA QUÍMICA. UNIVE RSIDAD NACIONAL DE COL OMBIA SE DE MANIZAL E S.

1

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SLIDE 2

Outline

I ntro duc tio n

Ag ric ultura l Re sidue s in Co lo mb ia

Co ffe e Cut-Ste ms (CCS)

Ga sific a tio n a nd E tha no l F e rme nta tio n

Ob je c tive

Me tho do lo g y

CCS Cha ra c te riza tio n

Simula tio n Pro c e dure

E ne rg y a nd E nviro nme nta l Asse ssme nt

Re sults

Co nc lusio ns

Re fe re nc e s

2

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SLIDE 3

Ag ric ultura l Re sidue s

3

  • 1. I

ntro duc tio n

Ag ric ultura l Cro ps Ha rve sting Pro c e ssing Cro p Re sidue s Ag ro industria l Re sidue s

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SLIDE 4

Co ffe e Cut-Ste ms

4

  • 1. I

ntro duc tio n

Co lo mb ia is the fo urth la rg e st pro duc e r o f Co ffe e in the Wo rld.

80,000 he c ta re s o f Co ffe e tre e Wo o d a re c utte d to re ne w the pla nts 17 to nne o f dry Wo o d pe r da y c a n b e o b ta ine d 690 GWe c a n b e g e ne ra te d He a ting a nd Co o king

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SLIDE 5

T ra nsfo rma tio n Me tho ds

5

  • 1. I

ntro duc tio n

Cro ps Re sidue s T he rmo c he mic a l T e c hno lo g ie s Bio c he mic a l T e c hno lo g ie s Pyro lysis Co mb ustio n Ga sific a tio n E tha no lic F e rme nta tio n Da rk F e rme nta tio n Se le c te d T e c hno lo g ie s

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SLIDE 6

Ga sific a tio n

6

  • 1. I

ntro duc tio n

Ra w Ma te ria l

Ga sifying Ag e nt

Air

Synthe sis Ga s

Hydro g e n, Ca rb o n Mo no xide , Me tha ne , Ca rb o n Dio xide a nd Nitro g e n Po we r Ge ne ra tio n Bio e tha no l

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SLIDE 7

E tha no l F e rme nta tio n

7

  • 1. I

ntro duc tio n

Ra w Ma te ria l

E nzyma tic Sac c har ific ation

Ce lluc la st 1.5L a nd Visc o zyme T e mpe ra ture = 50°C

De toxific ation

Ove rliming with L ime T e mpe ra ture = 60°C

Ac id Hydrolysis

Sulfuric Ac id 2%wt. T e mpe ra ture 115°C

E thanol F e r me ntation

Z . Mo bilis T e mpe ra ture = 33°C E tha no l, b io ma ss, CO 2,

Solid Re sidue s

Co g e ne ra tio n

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SLIDE 8

Ob je c tive

T

he a im o f this study is to e va lua te a nd c o mpa re the e ne rg y a nd e nviro nme nta l a sse ssme nt

  • f

two pro c e sse s fo r e ne rg y pro duc tio n (e tha no l fe rme nta tio n a nd g a sific a tio n) fro m Co ffe e Cut- Ste ms.

8

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SLIDE 9

Ge ne ra l De sc riptio n

  • CCS c ha ra c te riza tio n
  • Pilo t-sc a le g a sific a tio n
  • E

tha no l F e rme nta tio n

E xpe rime nta l

  • Aspe n Plus V8.0
  • Wa ste Re duc tio n

Alg o rithm (WAR)

Simula tio n

  • Ga s Co mpo sitio n
  • E

tha no l Yie ld

  • E

nviro nme nta l I mpa c t

  • E

ne rg y E ffic ie nc y

Re sults

9

  • 2. Me tho do lo g y
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SLIDE 10

Ra w Ma te ria l

10

  • 2. Me tho do lo g y

E xtra c tive s Co nte nt

  • NRE

L / T P- 510-42619

Ho lo c e llulo se Co nte nt

  • AST

M Sta nda rd D1104

L ig nin Co nte nt

  • T

APPI T 222

Ash Co nte nt

  • NRE

L / T P- 510-42622

Che mic al Composition

Vo la tile Ma tte r

  • AST

M D3175 - 11

F ixe d Ca rb o n

  • AST

M D3172 - 13

Ash

  • NRE

L / T P-510- 42622

  • 0.635 ∗ 0.460 ∗ 0.095 ∗
  • 0.059 ∗ 0.060 ∗ 0.010 ∗
  • 0.34 ∗ 0.469 ∗ 0.023 ∗

E le me nta l Ana lysis E le me nta l Ana lysis

  • 19.2880 0.2135
  • 1.9584
  • 0.0234
  • Ca lo rific

Va lue Ca lo rific Va lue 10

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SLIDE 11

Simula tio n Pro c e dure

11

  • 2. Me tho do lo g y

Air Gasific ation

Coffee Cut‐Stems Chipper Dryer Air Gasifier Ash

Steam Generation

Water Syngas

Turbine

LP‐Steam Electricity

Gas Engine

Exhaust Gas Electricity

Pyrolysis → Combustion , → → Reduction 2 ↔ 2 2 ↔ 2 22 ↔ 4 4 2 ↔ 32 2 ↔ 2 2

Re ac tion Me c hanism

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SLIDE 12

Simula tio n Pro c e dure

12

E thanol F e r me ntation

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SLIDE 13

Waste Re duc tion Algor ithm (WAR)

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SLIDE 14

What topic s ar e e valuate d?

  • Huma n to xic ity po te ntia l b y ing e stio n (HT

PI )

  • Huma n to xic ity po te ntia l b y de rma l a nd inha la tio n e xpo sure

(HT PE )

  • T

e rre stria l to xic ity po te ntia l (T T P)

  • Aq ua tic to xic ity po te ntia l (AT

P)

  • Glo b a l wa rming po te ntia l (GWP)
  • Ozo ne de ple tio n po te ntia l (ODP)
  • Pho to c he mic a l o xida tio n po te ntia l (PCOP)
  • Ac idific a tio n po te ntia l (AP)
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SLIDE 15

Physic o c he mic a l Cha ra c te riza tio n

15

  • 3. Re sults

Coffe e Cut- Ste ms

Mo isture Co nte nt (%wt) 8.7

Che mic al Composition (% wt dr y)

Ce llulo se 40.39 He mic e llulo se 34.01 L ig nin 10.13 E xtra c tive s 14.18 Ash 1.27

Pr

  • ximate Analysis (% wt dr

y)

Vo la tile Ma tte r 82.15 F ixe d Ca rb o n 16.78 Ash 1.07

E le me ntal Analysis (% wt dr y)

Ca rb o n 48.35 Hydro g e n 5.93 Oxyg e n 44.21 HHV (MJ/ K g ) c a lc ula te d 19.32 HHV (MJ/ K g ) e xpe rime nta l

18.26

Raw Mate rial HHV (Mj/ kg)

Sug a rc a ne Ba g a sse 17.70 Ric e Husk 16.47

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SLIDE 16

Pilo t-sc a le g a sific a tio n

16

  • 3. Re sults

Composition (% Vol) Coffe e Cut- Ste ms Zainal e t al., Pinus Radiata Hydr

  • ge n

17.41 15.23

Me thane

3.13 1.58

Carbon Monoxide

12.88 16.42

Carbon Dioxide

15.8 23.04

Nitr

  • ge n

49.6 42.31

Calor ific Value (Mj/ kg)

4.74 3.92

Za ina l, Z. a ., Ali, R., L e a n, C.H., Se e tha ra mu, K .N., 2001. Pre dic tio n o f pe rfo rma nc e o f a do wndra ft g a sifie r using e q uilib rium mo de ling fo r diffe re nt b io ma ss ma te ria ls. E ne rg y Co nve rs. Ma na g . 42, 1499–1515.

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SLIDE 17

E tha no l F e rme nta tio n

17

Pr

  • c e ss

Conc e ntr ation (g/ L ) Conve r sion Yie ld (% )

Ac id Hydro lysis 33.4 74 De to xific a tio n 19.5 43 E nzyma tic Sa c c ha rific a tio n 18.3 45 Pre tre a tme nt Re sults Hig h de to xific a tio n te mpe ra ture re duc e s the c o nte nt o f to xic c o mpo unds b ut inc re a se s the de c o mpo sitio n o f sug a rs a nd thus re duc e s the a c id hydro lysis yie ld.

E thanol Yie ld (g/ g substr ate )

T his study 0.41 Aristiza b a l e t a l., 0.495

Aristizá b a l M, V., Gó me z P, Á., Ca rdo na A, C.A., 2015. Bio re fine rie s b a se d o n c o ffe e c ut-ste ms a nd sug a rc a ne b a g a sse : F ura n-b a se d c o mpo unds a nd a lka ne s a s inte re sting pro duc ts. Bio re so ur. T e c hno l. 196, 480–9.

L

  • we r e tha no l pro duc tio n due

to the lo w a c id hydro lysis yie ld a fte r the de to xific a tio n pro c e ss

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SLIDE 18

Simula tio n Re sults

18

Platfor m Yie ld Units Synthe sis g a s

2.84 kg syng a s/ kg CCS

F e r me ntable sugar s

0.38 kg sug a rs/ kg CCS

Pr

  • duc t

Pr

  • duc tivity

Yie ld

Va lue Units Va lue Units

Powe r

21.5 MW 7.09 Mj/ kg CCS

E tha nol

2,056.52 kg / h 5.44 Mj/ kg CCS Hig h syng a s pro duc tio n b ut lo w fe rme nta b le sug a rs whic h is hinde re d ma inly b y the ra w ma te ria l a nd the pre tre a tme nt me tho ds De spite the hig he r e ne rg y c o nte nt o f the e tha no l, the pro duc tio n yie ld o f e le c tric ity is hig he r due to the hig h pro duc tivity o f synthe sis g a s fro m CCS.

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SLIDE 19

E nviro nme nta l Asse ssme nt

19

  • 3. Re sults

Po te ntia l E nviro nme nta l I mpa c t

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 HTPI TTP GWP PCOP TOTAL Impact (PEI/kg product) Ethanol Gasification

E thanol – HT PI and T T P

F ina l dispo sitio n o f the stilla g e fro m the do wnstre a m pro c e ssing .

Gasific ation – GWP

CO 2 e missio ns a s a c o nse q ue nc e o f the synthe sis g a s c o mb ustio n

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SLIDE 20

Co nc lusio ns

 T

his wo rk e va lua te d a the rmo c he mic a l a nd b io c he mic a l ro ute to o b ta in b io e ne rg y (e tha no l a nd e le c tric ity) fro m the e nviro nme nta l po int o f vie w. T he mo st pro mising te c hno lo g y to pro duc e b io e ne rg y se e ms to b e the g a sific a tio n due to the hig h syng a s/ b io ma ss ra tio in c o mpa riso n to the pla tfo rm to o b ta in sug a rs to b e use d in a fe rme nta tio n.

 Be side s, the a mo unt o f e ne rg y tha t c a n b e o b ta ine d fro m the dire c t use

  • f CCS to g e ne ra te e le c tric ity thro ug h the synthe sis g a s pla tfo rm

pre se nts a no ve l sc e na rio fo r its imple me nta tio n in zo ne s whe re the po we r supplie d is no t c a rrie d o ut.

20

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SLIDE 21

Co nc lusio ns

T

he g e ne ra tio n o f e le c tric ity thro ug h g a sific a tio n c a n b e c o nside re d a s a ve ry lo w e missio n pro c e ss sinc e pa rt o f the e ne rg y is use d in the sa me pro c e ss a nd the re ma inde r c a n b e so ld to the g rid.

21

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SLIDE 22

Ac kno wle dg e me nt

 T

he a utho rs o f this wo rk a c kno wle dg e to the Na tio na l Unive rsity o f Co lo mb ia a t Ma niza le s, the a nno unc e me nt 703 “Jo ve n I nve stig a do r” o f COL CI E NCI AS a nd the Dire c c ió n de I nve stig a c ió n de Ma niza le s (DI MA) fo r the fina nc ia l suppo rt to de ve lo p this wo rk. 22

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SLIDE 23

Re fe re nc e s

  • C. A. Ca rdo na , J. A. Quinte ro , a nd I

. C. Pa z, “Pro duc tio n o f b io e tha no l fro m sug a rc a ne b a g a sse : Sta tus a nd pe rspe c tive s,” Bio re so ur. T e c hno l., vo l. 101, no . 13, pp. 4754–4766, 2010.

  • V. Aristizá b a l M, Á. Gó me z P, a nd C. A. Ca rdo na A, “Bio re fine rie s b a se d o n c o ffe e c ut-ste ms

a nd sug a rc a ne b a g a sse : F ura n-b a se d c o mpo unds a nd a lka ne s a s inte re sting pro duc ts.,” Bio re so ur. T e c hno l., vo l. 196, pp. 480–9, No v. 2015.

  • S. R. Hug he s, J. C. L

ó pe z-Núñe z, M. a . Jo ne s, B. R. Mo se r, E . J. Co x, M. L indq uist, L . Á. Ga lindo - L e va , N. M. Ria ño -He rre ra , N. Ro drig ue z-Va le nc ia , F . Ga st, D. L . Ce de ño , K . T a sa ki, R. C. Bro wn, A. Da rzins, a nd L . Brunne r, “Susta ina b le c o nve rsio n o f c o ffe e a nd o the r c ro p wa ste s to b io fue ls a nd b io pro duc ts using c o uple d b io c he mic a l a nd the rmo c he mic a l pro c e sse s in a multi-sta g e b io re fine ry c o nc e pt,” Appl. Mic ro bio l. Bio te c hno l., vo l. 98, no . 20, pp. 8413–8431, 2014.

  • J. a . Ruiz, M. C. Juá re z, M. P. Mo ra le s, P. Muño z, a nd M. a . Me ndívil, “Bio ma ss g a sific a tio n fo r

e le c tric ity g e ne ra tio n: Re vie w o f c urre nt te c hno lo g y b a rrie rs,” Re ne w. S

  • ustain. E

ne rg y Re v., vo l. 18, pp. 174–183, 2013.

23

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SLIDE 24

24

E nviro nme nta l c o mpa riso n o f the rmo c he mic a l a nd b io c he mic a l wa ys fo r pro duc ing e ne rg y fro m a g ric ultura l so lid re sidue s: c o ffe e c ut-ste ms c a se

Ca rlo s A. Ga rc ía , Álva ro Gó me z, Ra miro Be ta nc o urt, Ca rlo s A. Ca rdo na

e - mail: c c a rdo na a l@ una l.e du.c o

Unive rsida d Na c io na l de Co lo mb ia Ca mpus Ma niza le s