Do Cation Exchange Systems Affect the Chlorination Process? - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Do Cation Exchange Systems Affect the Chlorination Process?

Presented By: Jeffrey W. Freeman, P.E., CFM, LEED AP Engineering Enterprises, Inc.

March 22, 2016

Presentation Overview

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium- Ivory Gimme A Breakpoint Holy # of Test Methods Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Presentation Overview (Cont.)

Evidence More Evidence Take That, Variable Ammonia! Acknowledgements and Q&A

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium-Ivory

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium-Ivory

 Ammonia Dissolution In Water NH3 + H2O  NH4

+ + OH-

 Total Ammonia  NH3 + NH4

+

 Free Ammonia  NH3 Only

Ammonia Ammonium pKa = 9.25

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium-Ivory

Source: Manual for Bosanska Krupa Nov. 2009

Ammonia & Ammonium Dissolution

pH = 9.25; Temperature = 20OC

9.25

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium-Ivory

Source: Manual for Bosanska Krupa Nov. 2009

Ammonia & Ammonium Dissolution

pH = 9.25; Temperature = 20OC

7.5

Ebony-Ammonia & Ammonium-Ivory

 Monochloramine Development NH3 + HOCl  NH2Cl + H2O  Dichloramine Development NH2Cl + HOCl  NHCl2 + H2O  Nitrogen Trichloride Development NH2Cl + HOCl  NCl3 + H2O Chloramine Chemistry

Gimme a Breakpoint

Gimme a Breakpoint

Breakpoint Chlorination Overview

Chlorine Added Total Chlorine Residual

Breakpoint Hump

Gimme a Breakpoint

Breakpoint Chlorination Overview (Cont.)

Chlorine Added Total & Free Ammonia Total Chlorine Residual Free Ammonia Total Ammonia Monochloramine To Dichloramine Total Chlorine Monochloramine Development Dichloramine To N‐ Trichloride Nitrogen Trichloride Free Chlorine Total Chlorine

Gimme a Breakpoint

Breakpoint Chlorination Overview (Cont.)

Chlorine Added Total & Free Ammonia Total Chlorine Residual Free Ammonia Total Ammonia Monochloramine To Dichloramine Total Chlorine Monochloramine Dichloramine To N‐ Trichloride NItrogen Trichloride Free Chlorine Total Chlorine Cl2:NH3‐N<5:1 Cl2:NH3–N>5:1 Cl2:NH3 –N>7.6 ‐ 9:1 Cl2:NH3–N = 5:1 Cl2:NH3–N = 7.6 ‐ 9:1

Gimme a Breakpoint

 Five (5) Recommended Parameters To Confirm Breakpoint Has Been Achieved:

 Free Ammonia  Total Ammonia  Monochloramine  Total Chlorine  Free Chlorine

Holy # of Test Methods

Holy # of Test Methods

 Typical Ammonia Test Methods

 Nessler Method: No Longer Standard Method Approved  Salicylate Method: Recommend For Total Ammonia  Indophenol Method: Recommend For Free Ammonia & Monochloramine  Ion Selective Electrode: Ideal Method For Precision, But Higher Capital & O&M Costs

Holy # of Test Methods

 Typical Chlorine Test Methods

 DPD (N,N Diethyl-1,4 Phenylendediamine Sulfate)

 Recommended For Total Chlorine and Free Chlorine, If Breakpoint Achievement Has Been Confirmed  Used With Many Test Kits/Analyzers  Free Chlorine Must Be Read Within a Minute of Sample Preparation  Total Chlorine To Be Read Within 3 – 5 Minutes After Sample Prepared

 Indophenol

 Recommended For Free Chlorine Confirmation  It Is Not An IEPA Approved Method For Free Chlorine Measurement

Holy # of Test Methods

 DPD Free Chlorine Test Method Additional Comments

 Chloramines Are Known To Interfere With the Free Chlorine DPD Method  The Longer The Sample Sits, the Greater the Amount of Interference Occurs  DPD Method Is Accurate When Chloramines Are Not Present Excerpts From Hach DPD Free Chlorine Test Method Instructions

Holy # of Test Methods

 Indophenol Free Chlorine Test Method Additional Comments

 It Is Not An IEPA Approved Test Method  Chloramines Do Not Interfere With Method  It Is a Good Check To Confirm Past Breakpoint Excerpts From Hach Indophenol Free Chlorine Test Method Instructions

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

 Cation Exchange Treatment Summary

 General Definition of Ion Exchange Treatment

(Source: New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services):

Ion exchange (IE) is a water treatment method where

• ne or more undesirable contaminants are removed

from water by exchange with another non-

• bjectionable, or less objectionable substance. Both

the contaminant and the exchanged substance must be dissolved and have the same type (+,-) of electrical charge.

 Cation Exchange (CE) Treatment Targets Cations  Ions With + Charge  Typical Regenerant is Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Typical Target Cations In NE IL

Source: http://science notes.org/use‐periodic‐table/

+1 +2

Hardness Cations Barium & Radium Sodium Lead 2+ Iron 2+ Copper 2+ Zinc 2+

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Affinity (/əˈfinədē/): [Biochemistry] the degree to which a substance tends to combine with

• another. (Source:

www.google.com) Source: Water Quality & Treatment, AWWA

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange General Exchange Process HARDNESS CATIONS

Ra2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4

+

Na+

Schematic Cation Exchange Resin Bead Radium Barium Calcium Magnesium Ammonium Sodium

Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+

Schematic Cation Exchange Resin Bead

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange General Exchange Process RADIUM & BARIUM CATIONS

Ra2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4

+

Na+

Radium Barium Calcium Magnesium Ammonium Sodium

Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Ra2+ Ra2+ Ba2+ Ba2+

Schematic Cation Exchange Resin Bead

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange General Exchange Process AMMONIUM CATIONS

Ra2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4

+

Na+

Radium Barium Calcium Magnesium Ammonium Sodium

Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Ra2+ Ra2+ Ba2+ Ba2+ NH4

+

NH4

+

Schematic Cation Exchange Resin Bead

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange General Exchange Process MORE HARDNESS CATIONS

Ra2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4

+

Na+

Radium Barium Calcium Magnesium Ammonium Sodium

Na+ Na+ Na+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Ra2+ Ra2+ Ba2+ Ba2+ NH4

+

NH4

+

Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Na+

Schematic Cation Exchange Resin Bead

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange General Exchange Process REGENERATION

Ra2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4

+

Na+

Radium Barium Calcium Magnesium Ammonium Sodium

Na+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Mg2+ Ra2+ Ra2+ Ba2+ Ba2+ NH4

+

Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+

Cation Exchange Treatment Exposed

Ion Exchange WTP Process Flow Schematic

Water Distribution System Backwash Surge Tank Well

• No. 1

Meter Sanitary Sewer System Well

• No. 2

Cation Exchange Units NaCl Regeneration System Meter Fl PO4 Cl2 Meter Meter Flow Control Valve Bypass Meter

Evidence

Evidence

 Theory Confirmation No. 1

 Village of Montgomery Wells No. 14 & 15 WTP Background

 Well No. 14  Ironton Galesville DSS Well

 Raw Water Hardness = 235 mg/l as CaCO3  Combined Radium = 6.6 pCi/l

 WTP Contains Five (5) CE Units With Bypass  Flouride, Polyphosphate and Chlorine Gas Added After CE Units  Treated Water Distributed Directly Into System

Evidence

 Theory Confirmation No. 1 (Cont.)

 Sampling & Testing Summary

 Occurred Every 30 Minutes From 8:00 AM – 2:00 PM on April 3, 2013  Testing Locations

 Raw Water  Post CE/Pre-Chlorination  Composite  Finished

 Tested For Five (5) Test Parameters – Free & Total Ammonia, Chloramine, Free & Total Chlorine

 Note: Chlorine Dose = 1.9 mg/l

Evidence

Wells No. 14 & 15 WTP Sample Locations

Well

• No. 14

Meter Well

• No. 15

Cation Exchange Units Meter Fl PO4 Cl2 Meter Flow Control Valve Bypass Meter

Raw Post CE / Pre‐Chlor (Composite) Finished

Evidence

Raw Water Ammonia Levels

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP

Evidence

Raw & Post CE / Pre-Chlor Ammonia Levels

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP

Evidence

Finished Ammonia & Chloramine Levels

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP Mono To Di Near BP Mono To Di

Evidence

Finished Ammonia & Chlorine Levels

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP Mono To Di Past BP Mono To Di

Evidence

Raw & Finished Ammonia & Chlorine Levels

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP

Evidence

Finished Chlorine Residuals

WELL NO. 14 AND WELLS NO. 14 & 15 WTP

More Evidence

More Evidence

 Theory Confirmation No. 2

 Village of Montgomery Well No. 8 WTP Background

 Well No. 8  Ironton Galesville DSS Well

 Raw Water Hardness = 210 mg/l as CaCO3  Combined Radium = 11.5 pCi/l

 WTP Contains Three (3) CE Units With Bypass  Flouride, Polyphosphate and Chlorine Gas Added After CE Units  Treated Water Distributed Directly Into System

More Evidence

 Theory Confirmation No. 2 (Cont.)

 Sampling & Testing Summary

 Occurred Every 30 Minutes From 8:00 AM – 2:00 PM on May 20, 2013  Testing Locations

 Raw Water  Post CE/Pre-Chlorination  Finished

 Tested For Five (5) Test Parameters – Free & Total Ammonia, Chloramine, Free & Total Chlorine

 Note: Chlorine Dose = 1.9 mg/l

More Evidence

Well No. 8 WTP Sample Locations

Well

• No. 14

Meter Cation Exchange Units Fl PO4 Cl2 Meter Flow Control Valve Bypass Meter

Raw Post CE / Pre‐Chlor (Composite) Finished

More Evidence

Raw Water Ammonia Levels

WELL NO. 8 AND WELL NO. 8 WTP

More Evidence

Raw & Post CE / Pre-Chlor Ammonia Levels

WELL NO. 8 AND WELL NO. 8 WTP

Total NH3 @ 13:30

Softener 1: 0 mg/l Softener 2: 0 mg/l Softener 3: 2.1 mg/l

Softener 3 In Regen.

More Evidence

Mono To Di BP Achieved Near BP

Finished Ammonia & Chlorine Levels

WELL NO. 8 AND WELL NO. 8 WTP Mono

More Evidence

Raw & Finished Ammonia & Chlorine Levels

WELL NO. 8 AND WELL NO. 8 WTP

More Evidence

Finished Chlorine Residuals

WELL NO. 8 AND WELL NO. 8 WTP

Take That, Variable Ammonia!

Take That, Variable Ammonia!

Wells No. 14 & 15 WTP Sample Locations

Well

• No. 14

Meter Well

• No. 15

Cation Exchange Units Meter Fl PO4 Cl2 Meter Flow Control Valve Bypass Meter

Ammonia & Monohloramine Analyzer Free Chlorine Analyzer PLC

Acknowledgements and Q&A

 A Big Thank You To:

 Village of Montgomery  Bob Spon (Spon Water Consulting)  Terry Engelhardt (Hach)

Jeffrey W. Freeman, P.E., CFM, LEED AP Vice President Engineering Enterprises, Inc. jfreeman@eeiweb.com (630) 466-6700

Acknowledgements and Q&A