Disclosures Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Abbott - - PDF document

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Disclosures Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Abbott - - PDF document

9/14/2019 Disclosures Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Abbott Labs: Grant support Diagnosis Harikrishna Tandri Associate Professor of Medicine Director of VT Ablation Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions www.ARVD.com


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9/14/2019 1

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Diagnosis

Harikrishna Tandri Associate Professor of Medicine Director of VT Ablation Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

www.ARVD.com

Disclosures

  • Abbott Labs: Grant support

Objectives

  • Provide overview of ARVC clinical

presentation and diagnosis

  • Describe the role of task force criteria
  • Describe MRI features of ARVC
  • Role of electroanatomic mapping
  • Concept of Arrhythmogenic

Cardiomyopathy

  • Familial cardiomyopathy

– Fibro-fatty infiltration of the RV – RV dysfunction – Ventricular arrhythmias

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy

  • 1 in 5000 individuals

(Italy)

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Classic ARVC Is a Desmosomal Myopathy

Figure 4. Approach to understanding the common pathway and genetic variants in a patient with Figure 4. Approach to understand

Establishing an Accurate Diagnosis

  • Comprehensive evaluation including history, family

history, exercise history, physical exam, ECG, SAECG, Holter, Echo, MRI, and stress test

  • Genetic testing when the diagnosis is suspected
  • Application of the 2010 Task Force Criteria

European Heart J 2010; 31: 806-814. Circ 2010; 121; 1533-41 2010 ARVD Diagnostic Criteria

Parameter 1994 Criteria 2010 Criteria RV Size and Function Non quantitative Quantitative Biopsy (major) Fibrofatty replacement < 60% nl myocytes & fibrous replacement +/- fat T wave inversion v2 and V3 Minor criteria in absence RBBB Major criteria in absence of RBBB QRS > 120 msec Minor: T wave inv V1, V2 or in V4,V5, and V6 or T in V1-v4 w RBBB Epsilon waves (major) Epsilon or localized prolongation > 110 ms V1-V3 Epsilon waves SAECG (minor) Late potentials Quantitative, 1 of 3 parameters TAD NA >= 55 msec in V1-v3 LBBB VT (minor) Minor criteria Major criteria if LB sup axis VT, minor criteria if not Frequent PVCs (minor) > 1000/ 24 hrs > 500 / 24 hrs Family History (Major) Familial disease confirmed by autopsy or surgery ARVD in first degree relative OR pathogenic mutation in patient Family History (Minor) FH of premature SCD < 35 yrs or family hx of ARVD FH of ARVD where task force criteria unclear or premature SD < 35 yrs

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ARVD Diagnostic Criteria

Parameter 1994 Criteria 2010 Criteria RV Size and Function Non quantitative Quantitative Biopsy (major) Fibrofatty replacement < 60% nl myocytes & fibrous replacement +/- fat T wave inversion v2 and V3 Minor criteria in absence RBBB Major criteria in absence of RBBB QRS > 120 msec Minor: T wave inv V1, V2 or in V4,V5, and V6 or T in V1-v4 w RBBB Epsilon waves (major) Epsilon or localized prolongation > 110 ms V1-V3 Epsilon waves SAECG (minor) Late potentials Quantitative, 1 of 3 parameters TAD NA >= 55 msec in V1-v3 LBBB VT (minor) Minor criteria Major criteria if LB sup axis VT, minor criteria if not Frequent PVCs (minor) > 1000/ 24 hrs > 500 / 24 hrs Family History (Major) Familial disease confirmed by autopsy or surgery ARVD in first degree relative OR pathogenic mutation in patient Family History (Minor) FH of premature SCD < 35 yrs or family hx of ARVD FH of ARVD where task force criteria unclear or premature SD < 35 yrs

ECG Features of ARVD

฀ – – “ ” ฀ –

Arrhythmias in ARVC

  • High burden of PVCs
  • NSVT of LBBB morphology
  • May be unifocal or multifocal
  • Catecholamine sensitive
  • PVC count is both diagnostic and prognostic

Structural abnormalities in ARVD/C

  • CMR is the modality of choice for RV evaluation
  • Provides tissue characterization (Fat and fibrosis

imaging)

  • RV quantitative functional assessment
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Fat detection:

RV

  • Path
  • MRI

RV

Castillo et al, Radiology, 2004 LV RV RA

Advanced ARVD/C

LV RV RA

ARVD/C

LV RV RA

ARVD

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LV involvement in classic ARVC

  • Unrelated to RV disease
  • Prevalence about 25%
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • LV failure rare
  • Typically affects postero-lateral and inferior

basal LV

Example of LV fat Fat in ARVD/C

  • Not sensitive to the disease
  • Limited diagnostic value as a stand alone

criteria

  • Often associated with wall motion

abnormality in ARVD

  • Fat in the RV can be see in obesity and old

age

Regional dysfunction in ARVD/C

  • More sensitive than fat (85% vs 68%)
  • Earliest phenotypic expression of ARVD/C
  • More reproducible compared to fat

infiltration*.

* Bomma C et al, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004.

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MR Findings in early ARVD/C

  • Regional dysfunction limited to sub-

tricuspid and RV OT

  • Best seen in axial cine and four chamber

images

Regional wall motion assessment

  • Four chamber and

axial images are

  • ptimal
  • Acute angle of the

RV and the RV out flow are the regions

  • f interest.

Biventricular ARVC

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9/14/2019 7 Delayed enhancement in ARVD/C

  • PSIR sequence is preferred
  • Often diffuse and associated with RV dysfunction
  • Useful in differential diagnosis

Delayed Enhancement in ARVD/C

  • Continuous infusion of isoproterenol (45 μg/min) for 3

minutes

  • Polymorphic PVCs or NSVT in 32 of 35 (91.4%)

patients with ARVC vs. 42 of 377 (11.1%) of non ARVC

  • Sensitivity and specificity for ARVC were 91.4%,

88.9% respectively

Denis A et al Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:590-597.

Diagnostic Value of Isoproterenol Testing in ARVC

I II II I aVR aVL aVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6

Complex Ventricular Ectopy

High dose catecholamine infusion 45 mcg/min for 3 minutes

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Electroanatomic Substrate

Patterns of Epicardial Scar in ARVD/C

RV APEX IS NOT A FREQUENT SITE FOR VT

Classic ARVC patient

  • Athletic male or female
  • Age between 16-40 (mean 32 yrs.)
  • Family history of CM or SCD
  • Palpitations, post exertional syncope
  • T wave inversions beyond V3
  • High PVC burden
  • RV basal dyskinesis on CMR
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Less common presentations

  • Myocarditis with RV regional dysfunction
  • PVCs during routine exam with abnormal

12 lead

  • VT/PVCs with LV basal epicardial

enhancement (DSP)

  • Dilated CM with high PVC burden

(PLN/DSP)

Clinical Assessment

  • ECG, Holter, echocardiogram
  • CMR
  • EP study with mapping in difficult cases
  • If diagnosis suspected - genetic counseling
  • Follow up with Holter and echocardiogram
  • Group of CM with high burden of arrhythmias and
  • verlapping clinical presentations
  • ARVC is categorized as genetic ACM
  • Also includes Sarcoid, Amyloid and Chagasic CM

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies (ACM) Genetic ACM

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Conclusions

  • ARVD/C is a highly arrhythmic genetic

cardiomyopathy

  • Classic ARVC affects RV sub-tricuspid region
  • ALVC affects the epicardial LV and overlaps with

dilated cardiomyopathy

  • RV arrhythmias are common in both ARVC and ALVC
  • Myocarditis and LV dysfunction can be presenting

features

  • Diagnosis should be based on meeting the task force

criteria (No single test is diagnostic)