Diet and Food Consump0on in the light of Nutri0onal Ecology - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Diet and Food Consump0on in the light of Nutri0onal Ecology

August 2016

N-School - SP - Brazil

Gabriela Bielefeld Nardoto

Department of Ecology University of Brasília

Holocene stability (last 10.000 years): agriculture and complex socie0es

Hunter-gatherer Farmers

Food supply and consump0on have shaped the contemporary world

Extensive agriculture Landscape fragmenta0on Intensive transporta0on Urbaniza0on Eutrophiza0on

Changes in food supply and consump0on

globaliza7on and expansion of the trade market has transformed diet pa?erns from locally produced food items toward industrialized and processed items

“Supermarket diet”

People living in urban centers have access to a wide range of food products derived from a broad geographic range significant exchange in carbon and nitrogen sources

more fossil fuel energy expenses than physical energy expenses

Human nutri0on transi0on in the developing regions

• Globaliza7on and the expansion of market economies is transforming dietary

pa?erns locally produced food to industrial and processed products Health impacts a?ributed to these changes: high rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and correlated heart diseases

• Exponen7al growth in urban centers is fuelled by large-scale emigra7on from

rural areas in the developing world clear shiIs in the mode of subsistence

Stable isotopes as tracers of changes in patterns of human diet

Central importance of food in the culture and human ecology

• can es7mate the importance of C4 grasses in human’s diet
• can reveal the extent of coupling s7ll exists between

food produc7on and consump7on

You are what you eat

Fonte: Fry 2006

• C and N isotope ra7os of contemporary human fingernails
• Survey included only adults but of a wide range of age
• Samples collected from each volunteer by clipping the free edge of the

fingernail and cleaned using a solu7on of 2:1 cloroformium/methanol

• Every individual sampled had lived in the locality for a period of 7me longer

than 2 years

• Survey under authoriza7on by official human ethical commi?ee

Geographical paNerns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails

Fry 2006

δ15N increases about 3‰ in every trophic level

C4 C3

δ13C

C4 grasses influence in contemporary human diet

Mar7nelli, Nardoto, et al (2011)

C3 C4

Another example: beer from different geographic regions

Mardegan et al (2012)

Geographical paNerns of modern human diet

7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0

• 22.0
• 21.0
• 20.0
• 19.0
• 18.0
• 17.0
• 16.0
• 15.0
• 14.0

δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰)

SE-Brazil W-USA W-Europe Beijing

C4 plants C3 plants Plant sources Animal sources

Bars are SE and boxes are SD Nardoto et al. (2006)

Heavy SE-Brazil versus light W-USA

7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

• 22.0
• 21.0
• 20.0
• 19.0
• 18.0
• 17.0
• 16.0
• 15.0
• 14.0
• 13.0
• 12.0

δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰)

• mnivores Brazil

vegetarians Brazil

• mnivores USA

vegetarians USA

Nardoto et al 2006

C4 C3

Land use changes in Brazil

shiX from a C3 based diet to a C4 based diet

Food δ15N (‰) δ13C (‰) N

Plants C3 2.9 ± 2.8

• 26.1 ± 1.9

151 Plants C4 1.0 ± 1.7

• 11.2 ± 0.6

16 Animal & products 5.0± 1.7

• 14.7 ± 2.9

174 Seafood 12.1 ± 2.8

• 19.2 ± 2.0

26

Source: Nardoto et al 2006

For Brazil:

As the accessibility to food markets and the size of urban centers increase:

ca?le diet - based on tropical pastures pork and chicken diet - based over 60% on corn food based on C4 plants sugar – derived 100% from sugar cane

Made exclusively from cane, a C4 plant sugar and any product that contains sugar have in part an isotopic C4 signal

Sugar in Brazil:

9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0

• 21
• 20
• 19
• 18
• 17
• 16
• 15
• 14

δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰) SE-Bra SE-Brasil sil Sa Santaré rém m -

• PA

PA Sã São Jo Jorg rge So Soco corro rro Ja Jama mara raquá

Nardoto et al 2006

Contemporary Amazon inhabitants: Mix of Indigenous Amazonian, European, African

rural-urban transi0on

Local communi+es - Caboclos Urban centers

Caboclos

in7mately linked to regional markets dependent for a wide array of goods

Map indica0ng the locali0es studied in the Brazilian Amazonia

Food intake from 24h-recall and stable isotope analysis Nutri7onal implica7ons

Terra-firme (villages located in not flooded areas - uplands) Varzea (villages located in floodplains near large white water rivers)

Brazilian Amazonian villages

(Japurá, Mamirauá, AM)

(Nova Jerusalém, Amanã, AM)

Dependence on the market economy

Basic goods: sugar, coffee, rice, beans, fuel and fabrics

Op0ons to get industrialized food:

• travel by water to the nearby town
• buy from boats that travel to these

isolated villages

• go to the village grocery store (rarely

available)

C and N isotope values of Amazonian local food

Food δ15N (‰) δ13C (‰) cassava

(manioc - tuber)

6.9

• 26.7

fresh water fish*

(omnivore – Tambaqui)

9.8

• 27.8

game**

(Agou7, Collared peccary)

9.6

• 25.3

Forest values: δ15N= 6 to 8 ‰ and δ13C = -28 to -31 ‰

*nail; **muscle 7ssue

Individuals interviewed who regularly consume these items in the Caboclos villages, towns and ci7es of the Brazilian Amazon region:

% individuals interviewed

Nardoto et al. in review

Transi0on from Locally Produced Foods to Processed Items

Nardoto et al 2011 - AJHB

rural urban

C3 C4

Alto Paraíso de Goiás

Silva (2014)

!

Kalungas (GO)

difficult access easy access

Fishery communi0es in the northearstern Brazil

!

Marine fishes

Rural communi0es in the northearstern region of Brazil

!

Riachinho/RN

!

!

Rancho da Caça/RN

Reinaldo et al (2015)

urbaniza0on

C3 to C4

Simplifica0on of trophic levels Diabetes and obesity Processed and industrialized food items

Nutri0on transi0on in Brazil

maize, soybean e grasses

(protein and fat soureces)

Sugar cane

(carbs and fat sources)

Urbaniza0on effects:

¨ related health problems:

¤ obesity and high blood pressure, both associated with cardiac

diseases and type II diabetes

¨ C and isotope ra7os in the fingernails - decoupling from the local

landscape ra7os can hold informa7on directly related to both food sources and dietary prac7ces

Socio-economical classes: C and N isotopes approach

Despite opportuni7es for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out C and N isotope ra7os in urbanized regions differences between people from high and low incoming social-economical classes living in the SE-Brazil seem to persist: Is economical and or a socio-cultural issue?

We are re esp specia cially lly gra rateful l wit ith all ll vo volu lunteers rs whom m ma made this is work rk possib ssible le donatin ing a pie iece ce of their ir fin ingern rnail il

Colaborators:

• Dr. Luiz Antonio Mar7nelli – CENA/USP (coordinator)
• Dra. Maria Elisa Garavello – ESALQ/USP
• Dr. Fernando Bignardi – UNIFESP
• Dra. Edila Moura – UFPA e IDSM
• Dr. Rui Murrieta – IB/USP
• Dr. Ta7ana Schor – UFAM
• Dr. Jim Ehleringer – University of Utah

Tecnical assistence:

• F. Rinaldi, J. Gragnani, F. Ballione, E. Mazzi,

M.A. Zambe?a, L. Chesson, O. Brito, A.C. Nascimento, L.E. Prates FUNDING: FAPESP, CNPq

• 18

10

• 28
• 10

Nitrogen stable isotope ratio 12 8 Carbon stable isotope ratio

Where are you fit in the plot?

C3

C4

Animal sources Plant sources