cse141: Introduction to Computer Architecture Steven Swanson - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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cse141: Introduction to Computer Architecture Steven Swanson - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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cse141: Introduction to Computer Architecture Steven Swanson Hung-Wei Tseng 1 Todays Agenda What is architecture? Why is it important? At the highest level, where is architecture today? Where is it going? Whats in this

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SLIDE 1

cse141: Introduction to Computer Architecture

Steven Swanson Hung-Wei Tseng

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SLIDE 2

Today’s Agenda

  • What is architecture?
  • Why is it important?
  • At the highest level, where is architecture today?

Where is it going?

  • What’s in this class?
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SLIDE 3

What is architecture?

  • How do you build a machine that computes?
  • Quickly, safely, cheaply, efficiently, in technology X, for

application Y, etc.

Civilization advances by extending the number of important

  • perations which we can perform

without thinking about them.

  • - Alfred North Whitehead
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SLIDE 4

Orientation

The internet

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SLIDE 5

Orientation

The internet

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SLIDE 6

Orientation

System Bus (PCI) IO Power Memory Power Memory Memory Memory Architecture begins about here.

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SLIDE 7

Orientation

System Bus (PCI) IO Power Memory Power Memory Memory Memory Architecture begins about here.

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SLIDE 8
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SLIDE 9
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SLIDE 10

You are here

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SLIDE 11

You are here

cse141

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SLIDE 12

The processors go here…

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SLIDE 13

The processors go here…

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SLIDE 14

Abstractions of the Physical World…

Physics/Materials Devices Micro-architecture Architectures Processors

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SLIDE 15

Abstractions of the Physical World…

Physics/Materials Devices Micro-architecture Architectures Processors

This Course cse241a/ ECE dept Physics/ Chemistry/ Material science

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SLIDE 16

…for the Rest of the System

Architectures

JVM

Processor Abstraction Compilers Languages Software Engineers/ Applications

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SLIDE 17

…for the Rest of the System

Architectures

JVM

Processor Abstraction Compilers Languages Software Engineers/ Applications

cse130 cse121 cse131 cseEverythingElse

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SLIDE 18

Why study architecture?

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  • As CEs or CSs you should understand how computers

work

  • Processors are the basis for everything in CS (except theory)
  • They are where the rubber meets the road.
  • Performance is important
  • Faster machines make applications cheaper
  • Understanding hardware is essential to understanding how

systems behave

  • It’s cool!
  • Microprocessors are among the most sophisticated devices

manufactured by people

  • How they work (and even that they work) as reliably and as

quickly as they do is amazing.

  • Architecture is undergoing a revolution
  • The future is uncertain
  • Opportunities for innovation abound.
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SLIDE 19

Performance and You!

  • Live Demo
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SLIDE 20

Processor are Cool!

  • Chips are made of silicon
  • Aka “sand”
  • The most adundant element in the

earth’s crust.

  • Extremely pure (<1 part per billion)
  • This is the purest stuff people make
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SLIDE 21

Building Chips

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SLIDE 22

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer

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SLIDE 23

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

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SLIDE 24

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

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SLIDE 25

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

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SLIDE 26

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

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SLIDE 27

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

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SLIDE 28

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

Silicon Wafer Met

Deposit metal

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SLIDE 29

Building Chips

  • Photolithography

Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

Silicon Wafer Met

Deposit metal

Silicon Wafer Met

Etch SiO2 (Or not)

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SLIDE 30

Building Blocks: Transistors

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SLIDE 31

Building Blocks: Wires

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SLIDE 32

State of the art CPU

  • 1-2 Billion xtrs
  • 45nm features
  • 3-4Ghz
  • Several 100 designers
  • >5 years
  • $3Billion fab
  • 70 GFLOPS
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SLIDE 33

Current state of architecture

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SLIDE 34

Since 1940

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SLIDE 35

Since 1940

  • Plug boards -> Java
  • Hand assembling -> GCC
  • No OS -> Windows Vista
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SLIDE 36

Since 1940

  • Plug boards -> Java
  • Hand assembling -> GCC
  • No OS -> Windows Vista

Flexible performance is a liquid asset

  • 50,000 x speedup
  • >1,000,000,000 x density

(Moore’s Law)

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SLIDE 37

Moore’s Law: Raw transistors

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SLIDE 38

The Importance of Architecture

  • We design smarter and smarter processors
  • Process technology gives us about 20%

performance improvement per year

  • Until 2004, performance grew at about

40% per year.

  • The gap is due to architecture! (and

compilers)

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SLIDE 39

Computer Performance

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SLIDE 40

Computer Performance

23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006
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SLIDE 41

Computer Performance

23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year
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SLIDE 42

Computer Performance

23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year
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SLIDE 43

Computer Performance

23 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year 1 10 100 1000 10000 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT95 specINT2000 specINT2006 47% per year 39% per year 25% per year
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SLIDE 44

The clock speed addiction

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  • Clock speed is the biggest contributor to power
  • Chip manufactures (Intel, esp.) pushed clock speeds very

hard in the 90s and early 2000s.

  • Doubling the clock speed increases power by 2-8x
  • Clock speed scaling is essentially finished.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Clock speed (Mhz) Year specINT2000 specINT2006
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SLIDE 45

Power

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Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 46

Power

25

Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 47

Power

25

Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 48

Power

25

Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 49

Power

25

Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 50

Power

25

Watts/cm

2 1 10 100 1000 1.5µ 1.5µ 1µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.1µ 0.07µ 0.07µ
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SLIDE 51

What’s Next: Brainiacs

  • Hold the clock rate steady.
  • Be smarter in silicon
  • More sophisticated processors
  • More clever algorithms
  • This continues to deliver about 25% per year.
  • But for how long?
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SLIDE 52

What’s Next: Parallelism

  • This is all the rage right now
  • You probably own a multi-processor, they used to

be pretty exotic.

  • They provide some performance, but it’s hard to

use.

  • There aren’t that many threads
  • Remember, flexible performance is a liquid asset
  • Remember or look forward to cse121
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SLIDE 53 28

Intel P4 1 core Intel Core 2 Duo 2 cores AMD Barcelona 4 cores SPARC T1 8 cores Intel Prototype 80 cores Cell BE 8 + 1 cores Intel Nahalem 4 cores

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SLIDE 54

Computer Performance

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SLIDE 55

Computer Performance

29 100 1000 10000 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Relative Performance Year specINT2000 specINT2006 39% per year 25% per year
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SLIDE 56

Course Staff

  • Instructor: Steven Swanson
  • Lectures Tues + Thurs
  • TA: Hung-Wei Tseng
  • Discussion sec: Wed.
  • (but not this week)
  • See the course web page for

contact information and

  • ffice hours.
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SLIDE 57

What’s in this Class

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  • Course outline
  • Instruction sets
  • The basics of silicon technology
  • Measuring performance
  • How processors work
  • Basic pipelining
  • Data and control hazards
  • Branch prediction and speculation
  • The memory system
  • Introduction to multiprocessors
  • Weekly technology digressions
  • How various technologies actually work.
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SLIDE 58

Your Tasks

  • Read the text!
  • Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software

Interface (4th Edition) -- previous editions are not supported

  • I’m not going to cover everything in class, but you are

responsible for all the assigned text.

  • Come to class!
  • I will cover things not in the book. You are responsible for

that too.

  • Class participation (5%)
  • Homeworks throughout the course. (10%)
  • Weekly quizzes on Thursdays (10%)
  • One midterm. (25%)
  • One cumulative final. (35%)
  • One project (15%)
  • Design your own ISA!
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SLIDE 59

The Link to 141L

  • You do not need to take 141L along with 141,

but you may need both to get your degree.

  • The classes are mostly independent, except
  • The results of the project will be used in 141L
  • You can earn extra credit by licensing your ISA groups in

141L who are not in 141

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SLIDE 60

Grading

  • Grading is on a 13 point scale -- F through A+
  • You will get a letter grade on each assignment
  • Your final grade is the weighted average of the

assignment grades.

  • An excel spreadsheet calculates your grades
  • We will post a sanitized version online once a week.
  • It will tell you exactly where you stand.
  • It specifies the curves used for each assignment etc.
  • OpenOffice doesn’t run it properly.
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SLIDE 61

Academic Honesty

  • Don’t cheat.
  • Cheating on a test will get you an F in the class and no
  • ption to drop, and a visit with your college dean.
  • Cheating on homeworks means you don’t have to turn

them in any more, but you don’t get points either. You will also take at least 25% penalty on the exam grades.

  • Copying solutions of the internet or a solutions

manual is cheating.

  • Review the UCSD student handbook
  • When in doubt, ask. Honest mistakes will be

forgiven.

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