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Centre for Energy and Environment Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (Rajasthan) INDIA

Comparative appraisal of pretreatment strategies for improving the biogas yield from flower waste

Vivekanand

7th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management Heraklion, Greece

Problem/Opportunity

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• Waste flower mix (WFM), roadside verges, local municipal sanitary sites, city’s worship places usually

not used, adverse impact on socio-economic development of city.

• Process of dumping flower waste may loose its associated energy value.
• Nation-wide environmental and economic aims.
• Utilizing WFM to generate renewable fuel (here biogas) may be one possibility.
• Production of loose flowers 1659 x 106 kg and 484 x 106 kg cut flowers in 2015-16

(APEDA; Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India)

• About 40% of the total production of flowers are unsold and wasted daily

Solution

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Collection from worship places, situated in Jaipur (India). Collection from worship places, situated in Jaipur (India). WFM: marigold, red rose, china rose, daffodil and Chrysanthemum. Shredded, stored at 40C until used. WFM: marigold, red rose, china rose, daffodil and Chrysanthemum. Shredded, stored at 40C until used. Active microbial inoculum collected from a local active biogas plant, Jaipur running large-scale continuous stirred type bioreactor of capacity 60 m3. Active microbial inoculum collected from a local active biogas plant, Jaipur running large-scale continuous stirred type bioreactor of capacity 60 m3. Acidic, alkaline and liquid hot water pretreatment was performed. Acidic, alkaline and liquid hot water pretreatment was performed. Characterization of untreated and pretreated WFM. Characterization of untreated and pretreated WFM. Biomethane potential was determined. Biomethane potential was determined.

Characteristics of WFM and Inoculum

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Pa ra m e te rs Wa s te fo w e r m ix In

• cu

lum DM % 15.0 ± 0.7 7.5 ± 0.05 ODM % 93.27± 1.8 65.29 ± 1.2 Moisture % 85.0 ± 0.3 92.5 ± 0.9 C % 44.3 ± 1.3 35.13 ± 1.8 H % 7.8 ± 0.5 4.35 ± 0.7 N % 1.4 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.3 C/N 31.64 ± 0.6 20.67 ± 0.6 pH 6.68 ± 0.5 7.58 ± 0.1

Characteristics of untreated waste flower mix and inoculum

DM: Dry matter; ODM: Oven dry matter

Pretreatment of WFM

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Acidic pretreatment:

CH3COOH Concentration: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% (w/w, at 70 ± 1 oC) Time: 1.5 hours

Alkaline pretreatment:

Ca(OH)2 Concentration: 0.5, 1, 1.5% (w/w, at RT i.e. 24 ± 1 oC) Time: 4 and 7 hours

Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment:

Feedstock: (1g : 10 ml) Temperature: 50, 70 and 90oC Time: 5, 10 and 15 minutes Untreated waste flower mix

Acidic Pretreatment of WFM

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Acidic pretreatment: Temperature: 70 ± 1 oC; Time: 1.5 hours Dried WFM after pretreatment Pretreated WFM

Acidic Pretreatment: Characterization of WFM

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CH

3COOH (%)

TS (%) VS (%) Ash content (%) Untreated 96.54 95.33 4.77 0.5 95.83 95.48 4.52 1 95.71 95.48 4.29 1.5 95.16 95.98 4.84 2 95.07 95.68 4.32

Untreated and pretreated WFM (A) untreated (B) 0.5% (C) 1.0% (D) 1.5% (E) 2.0% FTIR spectra of untreated and pretreated WFM Characteristic of untreated and pretreated WFM

TS: Total solid, VS: volatile solid

Acidic Pretreatment: Biogas Production

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Biogas production from untreated and pretreated WFM

Alkaline Pretreatment: Characterization of WFM

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Ca(OH)2, concentration: 0.5, 1, 1.5% (w/w, at RT i.e. 24 ± 1 oC), Time: 4 and 7 hours Physical charecteristics of WFM

Ca (OH)

2 (%)

TS (%) VS (%) As h co nt e n t (%) 91.7 97.1 2.8 0.5 90.7 96.5 3.5 1 90.2 95.6 4.3 1.5 90.8 89.1 5.2 91.3 96.9 3.6 0.5 89.6 94.8 5.1 1 88.4 94.2 5.7 1.5 88.1 92.3 7.7 Untreated 95.7 97.2 2.7 4 hrs 7 hrs

FTIR spectra of untreated and pretreated WFM

Alkaline pretreatment: Characterization of flower waste

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Ca(OH)2; Concentration: 0.5, 1, 1.5% (w/w, at RT i.e. 24 ± 1 oC); Time: 4 and 7 hours

Alkaline pretreatment: Biogas production

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Biogas production from untreated and pretreated WFM

LHW Pretreatment: Characterization of WFM

1 2 Untreated WFM Characteristic of untreated and pretreated WFM

TS: Total solid, VS: volatile solid, time in min

Pretreated WFM 70 deg, 15 min

7 de g /Tim e TS (%) VS (%) As h co n te n t (%) 91.7 97.1 2.8 5 90.4 95.7 3.3 10 90.1 94.2 4.7 15 89.7 88.3 5.6

Liquid hot water pretreatment: Biogas production

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LHW pretreatment: Temperature: 50,70 and 90 ± 1 oC; Time: 5,10 ad 15 min Biogas production from untreated and pretreated WFM

Conclusions

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• Anaerobic digestion of waste flower mix, it proved to be attractive substrate for

biogas production.

• Three different pretreatment strategy for improved methanogenesis.
• Liquid hot water (15 min, 70 deg) improved biogas yield by 1.86-fold higher

compared to untreated flower waste, followed by alkaline and acidic pretreatment.  No requirement of catalyst and chemicals  Low temperature required  Washing step is not necessary  Large scale application

Bioenergy Group Current Members Monika Yadav (PhD student) Kunwar Paritosh (PhD student) Apoorva Upadhyay (PhD student) Aakashdeep singh (MTech student) Arnab Saha (MTech student)

Acknowledgements

Former Members Kunwar Paritosh (MTech student) Paras Gandhi (MTech student) Subodh Kumar (MTech student) Anand Kumar (MTech student) Kishan Kumar (MTech student) Jacob Hermann (Intern from Germany) Markus Edger (Intern from Germany) Philippe Reindl (Intern from Germany) Raphael Albang (Intern from Germany) Collaborators Dr V Balan - Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Dr Alexander Bauer - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria Dr Aakash Chawade - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden Dr Shyam K Masakpalli - IIT Mandi (HP) Dr Nidhi Pareek - Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer (Raj) 1 5

THANK YOU