COMMUNITY NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING- A EUROPEAN APPROACH TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 2007 TRB ADC-40 Noise and Vibration Summer Meeting San Louis Obispo, CA Richard J. Peppin Scantek, Inc., USA Wolfgang Probst DataKustik GmbH, Germany
QCITY-PROJECT (Quiet-City): THE EUROPEAN APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING 3 HOT SPOT DETECTION 5 ACTION PLANNING 1 NOISE MAPPING 2 RANKING 4 MEASURES
Noise Mapping Projects Noise Mapping Projects Data Acquisition Data Acquisition sources (roads + tram) buildings terrain Digital Town Model
From the contour lines pattern a 3D-model is generated
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
point source propagation receiver x y z Point source defined by (m) (m) (m) 7.51 5.79 2.12 - Location x, y and z - A-weighted sound power level L WA L WA = 72.6 dB or frequency frequency LW,j band nr (Hz) dB - sound power level spectral in frequency bands L W,j 1 31 45 2 63 53 - directivity correction D c 3 125 58 7 2000 76 8 4000 71 9 8000 65
ROADS
line source line source partitioned point sources x receiver GENERAL STRATEGY: PARTITIONING OF EXTENDED SOURCES AND REPLACING THESE BY POINT SOURCES
Hourly traffic flow for d, e, n based on road type or hourly traffic flow for 24- hrs From diurnal pattern ROADS – PARAMETER ‘TRAFFIC FLOW‘
RAILWAYS
Building noise map at new apartment buildings Building noise map at new apartment buildings Model with Building Evaluation to calculate facade levels Model with Building Evaluation to calculate facade levels near Munich Central Station (Germany) near Munich Central Station (Germany)
AIRCRAFT AND AIRPORTS
Flight Flight tracks tracks and and noise noise contours contours 75|67|62 75|67|62 dB(A dB(A) in ) in Noise contours Noise contours projected projected to to the the ground ground - - the vicinity vicinity of Hamburg of Hamburg airport airport the Grid interpolation Grid interpolation with with progressive progressive colors colors selected selected AIRCRAFT NOISE: HAMBURG AIRPORT
Fixed Noise Source to Noise Map point source receiver THE BASIC ELEMENT OF EACH NOISE CALCULATION: POINT SOURCE � RECEIVER
point source propagation receiver DIFFRACTION - SCREENING [ ] dB ( ) = + λ D 10 lg 3 C 2 / C zK z 3 met D z barrier attenuation per octave band z difference between pathlengths Image source REFLECTION r1' ( ) Reflecting surface = ⋅ + ⋅ 0 , 1 L 0 , 1 L L 10 lg 10 10 d r r2 r1 Receiver L d contribution direct ray r0 r0 L r contribution of reflected ray r1 – r2 Source BARRIER ATTENUATION ACCORDING TO ISO 9613-2
CALCULATION RAYS AT ONE RECEIVER POINT: ALL SOURCES
CALCULATION RAYS AT RECEIVER POINTS WITH 10 M GRID SPACING
NOISE MAP FROM 10 M GRID
+ THE STEPS IN NOISE MAPPING
Temple (UK), ACCON
Area mapped 147 km² Inhabitants 276 000 Roads 705 km Buildings 80 000 Airport Augsburg-Airport NOISE MAP AUGSBURG
3D – PRESENTATION TO WALK THROUGH OR FLY OVER THE SCENARIO
Ranking of alternatives: A Main transit traffic A – B – D or C A – C - D B Single number rating: Total Noise Score Where are the noise problems ? Hot Spot Analysis: D Area Related Noise Score
Choosing Alternatives is a Political not Scientific Decision • If no info is known, there is no reason to expose one person to more noise than another: traffic should be equally split. • If sound insulation is possible, it is better to divert traffic to one road and improve sound insulation at those dwellings.
HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO WHAT EXTENT ? Example: Augsburg Noise Indicator L den people from to 50 64963 50 55 97707 55 60 40436 60 65 25828 65 70 29056 70 75 17132 75 1051 Needed for each residential building: - Level L den at the most exposed facade - Number of residents
The number of residents is an attribute of each building
Interval People in level intervals of min max Lden Ln 50 27417 56965 50 55 13052 11594 55 60 18053 7817 60 65 13129 2517 65 70 6817 0 70 75 425 0 75 0 0 Distribution of exposure to people as required in Annex VI of the European directive on environmental noise (END) 2
HOT SPOT DETECTION ACTION PLANNING NOISE MAPPING RANKING MEASURES QCITY PROJECT: APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING
47 47 47 47 46 48 48 61 60 36 63 36 36 36 62 61 59 59 62 60 62 61 65 63 64 37 37 37 37 64 I 7265 I 37 37 37 7265 67 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 Building : 100 residents L den = 72 dB(A) Calculation of Noise Score NS for each residential building
• Noise Score ( ) ∑ = × − Y n Li Lref – Linear- – Percent highly annoyed = A(L i -42) 3 -B(L i -42) 2 +C(L i- 42) – Exponential increase ∑ − = × k ( Li Lref ) Y n 10
Presentation of the noise score, NS, separately for each building
OBJECT-SCAN: Gliding average of spatially distributed values
Noise Score (NS) based on L den for 2005
Area mapped 147 km² Inhabitants 276 000 Roads 705 km Buildings 80 000 Airport Augsburg-Airport NOISE MAP AUGSBURG: HOT SPOTS
3D – PRESENTATION OF HOT SPOTS AUGSBURG
HOT SPOT DETECTION ACTION PLANNING NOISE MAPPING RANKING MEASURES QCITY PROJECT: APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING
Support of communities and others by catalogs of measures ref. location treatment option noise cost site specific limitation LC- reduction [dB(A)] [€] LC-9 vehicle resilient wheels 3 2 000,00 to 3 000,00 per wheel LC-10 trackwork moveable point frogs 7 to 10 100 000,00 Requires additional signalling. per turnout LC-11 spring frogs 3 12 000,00 Maximum speed: 30 km/h LC-12 embedded turnouts 7 to 10 5 000,00 without discrete fixation per turnout Example for mitigation catalog: Special trackwork at Trams
Reference LC-RAIL-10 – Moveable Point Frogs Problem Local curving noise control Expected noise reduction 7 to 10 dB(A) Detailed description/objectives Elimination of rail gap of standard frogs Examples STIB, Brussels, constructed by COGIFER Cost €200 000,00 (= double of classic frog) Interactions – Limitations requires adapted signal and control systems Further information EC project TURNOUTS Example for mitigation catalog: Datasheet for local measure at frogs
CITY MODEL INPUT DATA NOISE ANNOYANCE SCORE CALCULATION NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES THE STRATEGY BEHIND DIRECTIVE 2002/49/EC
THE END
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