communication and the rise of the Internet Computer networks Girts - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

History of computer communication and the rise of the Internet

Computer networks

Girts Strazdins, gist@ntnu.no, NTNU i Ålesund, 2020

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

Communication = message exchange

Communication = message exchange

Messengers

Messenger Receiver Sender

Postal service

Magic

Post = message infrastructure

Postal service hierarchy

Universal Postal Union Norwegian authorities Posten Posten Oslo Posten Ålesund Spar Larsgården Rema 1000 Amfi Moa Nasjonal kommunikasjons- myndighet Swedish authorities … … …

How to do it faster?

Telegraphy

Wikipedia: “Telegraphy is the long- distance transmission of textual messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an

• bject bearing the message.”

Replica of Claude Chappe's

• ptical telegraph on the

Litermont near Nalbach,

• Germany. Image courtesy
• f Wikipedia

First Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1858. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

Telephone networks

Things to remember

• 1. The Internet was not invented in an empty space. It was

a natural evolution of previous communication technologies: telegraphy and telephone.

• 2. Both the post and the Internet have a multi-link

infrastructure where each link is managed by a specific institution (some institutions may manage many links).

• 3. The infrastructure is hierarchical – some organizations

manage it at the international level, some for each country, some institutions manage a specific city, and so

• n.
• 4. The Internet (or the ARPANET) is not the first

communication network in the world. It was possible to transmit both voice and data long before the Internet.

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

(Re)using telephone networks for computer communication

101010… 101010… Sound pulses Sound pulses

Circuit switching

Circuit switching for data transfer

B

Circuit switching

Advantages:

• Guaranteed speed
• Guaranteed latency
• Guaranteed quality

(limited data loss) Drawbacks:

• Expensive for the users
• Inefficient use of

infrastructure

Packet switching

• Each device

B

Addressing needed for packet switching

Each device has an address. Each packet contains source and destination address B

Packet switching

Advantages:

• Cheap
• Efficient use of

infrastructure

• Better scalability (can

support many users, as long as they are not very active) Drawbacks:

• No guarantees for

speed

• Unpredictable latency
• Packet loss can happen

(when too many packets wait at a node)

Packet switching history

• Idea first proposed in 1960s by Paul Baran at RAND

corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense.

• The term packet switching coined by British

scientist Donald Davies in 1965

• First packet switching devices in 1968: ARPANET

ARPAnet in 1969

J.C.R. Licklider Lawrence Roberts

First packet switching network

First packet-switching network interface

1968, Leonard Kleinrock For comparison: 2020

It’s a beginning (1969)

1970

1971: No one expected what happened next...

Norway connected to ARPANET with satellite links in 1973 with the goal to share research data.

Things to remember

• 1. Packet switching was introduced for more efficient

utilization of infrastructure in computer communication.

• 2. Packet switching reuses the same communication

lines for data exchange between all nodes on the

• network. For that to work, each node is assigned an

address, and each packet contains a source and destination address.

• 3. First packet-switched network, ARPANET, was

created in 1969 in the USA.

• 4. Norway connected to ARPANET as early as 1973.

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

ARPANET was not alone

• Other proprietary networks were evolving in

parallel

• One of them: ALOHAnet in Hawaii, 1970

1974: In Inter-networking @ DARPA

Vinton Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush

First global internet protocol: TCP

• No layers
• Later: IP layer separated, UDP added
• ARPANET started using TCP in 1983

1988: Europe joins the Internet

• Telenor in Norway was an early adapter: since 1983
• 1988: CERF, Geneva (Switzerland)
• Standardizing existing communication lines
• First linked entities: universities, researchers

Things to remember

• 1. There were several parallel developments of

packet-switched networks.

• 2. There was a need for common protocol to

connect the different proprietary networks together.

• 3. Development of TCP protocol started in 1974 and

a usable version was out in 1983 when ARPANET started using it.

• 4. Gradually academic institutions in other

countries joined the Internet.

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

Internet explosion in 1990s

What was the reason?

Internet explosion in 1990s

1989-1991: The Web is born

• Tim Berners-Lee invents the 4 building block of web
• Which are these?

The building blocks of Web

HTTP Protocol Web browser Web server HTML files

The very first web browser

Mosaic: first popular browser

Business start using Web

Internet growth

• 1'000'000'000

2'000'000'000 3'000'000'000 4'000'000'000 5'000'000'000 6'000'000'000 7'000'000'000 8'000'000'000 9'000'000'000 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020, forecast

Number of internet users 1995-2020

Number of internet users Unconnected population

Things to remember

• 1. The web was the main catalyst for the growth of

the Internet.

• 2. The web has four main building blocks: browser,

web server, HTTP protocol and HTML language.

Outline

• 1. Communication before the Internet
• 2. Packet switching and ARPANET
• 3. Inter-networking initiative
• 4. Rapid growth with the web
• 5. Recent developments

Trend #1: Towards the Internet of Things

Trend #2: High- speed Internet

Trend #3: Internet everywhere, for everyone, all the time

Google Loon Project

www.loon.com

Trend #4: all data

• ver Internet

Things to remember

• 1. We are moving towards the third generation of

connectivity: from connected people to Internet

• f Things.
• 2. Recent developments are related to high-speed

connectivity everywhere, all the time, for many devices.

• 3. Other types of communication (telephone, TV)

reuse the Internet as a data carrier.

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microform/

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