CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE ACCUMULATION IN LIGHT DUTY MOTOR - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE ACCUMULATION IN LIGHT DUTY MOTOR - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE ACCUMULATION IN LIGHT DUTY MOTOR VEHICLE FROM MEXICO Isabel Niembro, Anvar Zakhidov* & Ilangovan Kuppusamy Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico *Nanotechnology Institute, The University of Texas, Dallas USA

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CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLE ACCUMULATION IN LIGHT DUTY MOTOR VEHICLE FROM MEXICO

Isabel Niembro, Anvar Zakhidov* & Ilangovan Kuppusamy Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico *Nanotechnology Institute, The University of Texas, Dallas USA 2.25PM-2.50PM 3RD NOV 2005

International Congress of Nanotechnology 2005, San Francisco, USA, Oct 31-Nov 4-2005

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CONTENTS

  • Introduction
  • Objectives
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendation
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  • In Interior living or working Environment air contains about 900

contaminants, from various sources (EPA, 1989)

  • IAQ Interior Air Quality problems are associated with:

– improper ventilation 53%, – External Contamination 10%, – Microbial Contamination 5%, – Contamination by Construction materials 4%, – Unknown source 13% (OSHA, 1997) Suspended particle in the Interior Environment is of great Health Concern (GRAMAGE, 1985)

INTERIOR AIR QUALITY, IAQ

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The optimal level of pollution is achieved when the marginal damage (MD) equals society's marginal cost

  • f abating (MCA) that

damage

The additional cost of moving from one level to another is called the “marginal cost”. B : total cost for society to abate this optimal level of pollution A+B: total damage avoided

The goal is not to reduce environmental damages to zero, The goal is not to reduce environmental damages to zero, but to achieve an but to achieve an ‘ ‘optimal emission level

  • ptimal emission level‘

‘

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INTRODUCTION

  • Suspended Particles
  • PM10,PM2.5 NPS???

2μm (PM 2.5) Inhalation or ingestion of contaminated air with PM 2.5 can enter into blood circulation system (Popescu, 1995, Zarrkewski, 1998) PM2.5 Reduced Visibility, Health Concern…..

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IMPACTS THAT CAN RESULT FROM DIFFERENT DISCHARGES

Source of environmental impacts Global climate Visibility Aesthetic Other Air pollution Particulate matters

x

SO2

x

NOX

x

Toxics, Lead, Mercury CO CO2/GHG

x

Radioactive Acids aerosols

x

Acid deposition Ozone (HC, VOC)

x

Surface water disposal Chemicals

x

Thermal

x

Radioactive Impoundment/Passage

x x

Consumption

x

Solid waste disposal Transportation

x

Volume/Land use

x

Hazardous Toxics in ahs Radioactive (high and low) Others S

  • urceofenvironm

ental im pacts M aterial M

  • rtalityM
  • bidityA

ccid ent C ro ps Forests Fisheries A quatic Terrestria G round w ater A irp

  • llu

tion P articulatem atters

x x x

S O 2

x x x x x x

N O X

x x x x

Toxics, Lead, M ercury

x x x x x x x x

C O

x x

C O 2/G H G

x x x x x x x

R adioactive

x x x x x x x

A cidsaerosols

x x

A ciddeposition

x x x x x x

O zone(H C , V O C )

x x x x x

S urfacew aterdisposal C hem icals

x x x x x x

Therm al

x x

R adioactive

x x x x

Im poundm ent/P assage

x x x

C

  • nsum

ption

x

S

  • lidw

astedisposal Transportation

x

V

  • lum

e/Landuse

x

H azardous

x x x x x

Toxicsinahs

x x x x x

R adioactive(highandlow )

x x x x x x

H um anhealth B iolo gical reso urces

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  • How are receptors exposed to

How are receptors exposed to Nanoparticles Nanoparticles? ?

(inhalation, ingestion, soil uptake, (inhalation, ingestion, soil uptake, … …) )

  • Who are the potential receptors of

Who are the potential receptors of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles? ?

(adults, children, crops, forests, (adults, children, crops, forests, … …) )

  • Is the receptor exposed to the

Is the receptor exposed to the Nanoparticle Nanoparticle? ?

  • What is the concentration of NPs, in the

What is the concentration of NPs, in the environment: air, water and soil? environment: air, water and soil?

(pollutant fate or multi (pollutant fate or multi-

  • media analysis)

media analysis)

NANOPARTICL CLES NANOPARTICL CLES

Impa mpact Pathw hway ays Ana naly lysis is Impa mpact Pathw hway ays Ana naly lysis is – – IPA IPA Expo posure Ris isk Expo posure Ris isk

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NANOPARTICL CLES Path thway ways Analysis NANOPARTICL CLES Path thway ways Analysis – – IP IPA IP IPA Exposure route te of Exposure route te of Nanoparti ticles Nanoparti ticles

How does the NPs enter How does the NPs enter the receptor? the receptor? What is the dose? What is the dose?

  • for

for humans humans by by breathing, drinking, breathing, drinking, eating and skin contact eating and skin contact (dose = exposure (dose = exposure   intake) intake)

  • for crops by foliar

for crops by foliar contact and soil uptake contact and soil uptake

  • for materials by surface

for materials by surface contact and wet contact and wet deposition deposition NB, not all routes are NB, not all routes are equally toxic! equally toxic!

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Which Polluta tants ts, Which Imp Impacts ts? Which Polluta tants ts, Which Imp Impacts ts? ExternE

ExternE 2000 2000

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YOLL / kt_ SO2 direct exposure YOLL / kt_ SO2 sulfate aerosols YOLL / kt_ NOx nitrate aerosols YOLL/kt _PM10 direct exposure EU-15 average 1.7 27.0 28.5 56.7 Germany 2.2 31.6 27.9 68.6 France 2.3 40.0 51.4 62.9 Sweden 0.4 9.6 11.5 7.3 Finland 0.3 7.0 7.8 6.0 Asia average 2.5 55.2 56.9 130.8 China 4.6 104.7 145.2 131.7 Japan 2.5 36.1 39.7 84.6 South Corea 3.5 50.3 47.6 101.0 South America av. 0.34 4.9 6.8 16.3 Brazil 1.2 13.3 10.9 16.4 State of Sao Paulo 3.9 38.5 52.5 39.9 Columbia 0.33 3.6 6.0 5.5 Source: Source: Krewitt Krewitt at al. (2001);, Int. J. of Life at al. (2001);, Int. J. of Life CycleAssessment CycleAssessment 6 (4), pp. 199 6 (4), pp. 199-

  • 210

210

EcoSense EcoSense Model Model: Comparison between continents : Comparison between continents – – Years of Life Years of Life Lost (YOLL) resulting from the Lost (YOLL) resulting from the emisson emisson of one kilo

  • f one kilo-
  • tonne

tonne of pollutant

  • f pollutant
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OBJETIVES

Evaluation, Characterization (Physical and Chemical) of Nanoparticles in the Light Motor Vehicle Cabin

Dimension (Shape and Size), Chemical Composition Rate of deposition, detect the source y Methods of control

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MEXICO METROPOLITAN VALLEY ZONE ZMVM Area: 4681 km2 Population: 16 millon Popoulation Density: 3500 hab/ km2 Industries, Commercial, Service establishments: 44580 Number of Vehicles: 4.5 millon (INEGI-SEMARNAT, 2004) Altitude: 2240 m,

Satellite Image of ZMVM

15 km

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ZMVM AIR QUALITY

1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 ton/año PM10 SO2 NOx CO COT COV

Air Quality Contamination 1994 -2002, 1994: 31,380 ton/año 2002: 23,382 ton/año PM10 y PM2.5 Particle Distribution: 29% PM2.5 in ZMVM 2002, (SMA 2004)

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Source of PM2.5 Contamination in ZMVM

  • >60%

from Vehicles

  • >40% Food Preparation
  • (RESIDENTIAL AND COMERCIAL CENTRES)

Nanoparticles in ZMVM

– There is no Regulatory Standards for Nanoparticle emissions (NPE) /contamination in the Air

AIR QUALITY

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METHODOLOGY

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE HOLDERS SAMPLING CHARACTERIZATION ANALYTICAL RESULTS AFM SEM RAMAN

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METHODOLOGY

  • SAMPLES AND SAMPLING
  • Non Smoking Drivers
  • Time of Sampling 5d
  • 7 Automobiles from different manufacturers (Ford, GM,

Nissan,Honda,VW, Renault,BMW)

  • Vehicle Model,
  • The most Common Vehicle
  • Transit Zone,
  • Route
  • Total transited KM (125-550KM/5d)
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STAINLESS STEEL SAMPLE HOLDER

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SAMPLING AREA IN THE VEHICLE

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AFM-SEM-RAMAN

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SAMPLE HOLDER IMAGE SEM

SAMPLE HOLDERS

A C B

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ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE FROM GM 1998

ruta 1: Toluca – Atizapán - Toluca

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RAMAN SPECTRA GM MODEL 1998

8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

ROUTE 1: Toluca – Atizapán - Toluca

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VW, model 2001

ROUTE 2: Santa Fe – Atizapán – Santa Fe

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9 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

VW, model 2001

ROUTE 2: Santa Fe – Atizapán – Santa Fe

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Ford, model 2003

ROUTE 3: Coacalco – Atizapán – Vallejo – Coacalco

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Ford, model 2003

16 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

ROUTE 3: Coacalco – Atizapán – Vallejo – Coacalco

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Renault, model 2005

ROUTE 4: Nicolás Romero – Atizapán – Azcapotzalco – Atizapán - Nicolás Romero

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Renault, model 2005

20 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

ROUTE 4: Nicolás Romero – Atizapán – Azcapotzalco – Atizapán - Nicolás Romero

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Nissan, model 1998

ROUTE 5: Centro- Atizapán -Toluca – Centro

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Nissan, model 1998

22 5 10 15 20 25 30 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

ROUTE 5: Centro- Atizapán -Toluca – Centro

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Honda, model 2003

Atizapán – Naucalpan – Atizapán

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Honda, model 2003

24 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Atizapán – Naucalpan – Atizapán

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Honda, model 2003

26 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Naucalpan – Centro – Naucalpan

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BMW, model 2005

Polanco – Atizapán – Polanco

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BMW, model 2006

Polanco – Atizapán – Polanco

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CONCLUSIONS

  • 1.

All the vehicle tested, interior environment demonstrate presence of Nanoparticles or Aggregation of Nanoparticles size ranging from 100-500nm (MIGHT BE OF GREAT HEALTH RISK)

  • 2.

30% of the Vehicle showed formation of nanofilms it might be due to presence of partially combusted hydrocarbon in ZMVM

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CONCLUSIONS

  • 3. Raman Spectra Analysis reveals the presence of

HC (PAH) in the nanoparticles deposited in the interior of the Vehicle.

  • 4. Accumulation fo nanoparticles depends on

velocity, type of transit, model, manufacturer and Type of drivers…

  • 5. Vehicle performance: Renault ≥ BMW ≥ Honda ≥

Ford > General Motors > Nissan >> VW.

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FUTURE RESEARCH & SUGGESTIONS

  • A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE RATE OF DEPOSITION

OF NANOPARTICLES USING QUANTUM MECHANICS CONCEPTS.

  • Use of High Quality Gasoline and Lubricants and Services.
  • Use of new Nanotech based Airfilters in the vehicle and new materials for

the interiors of the vehicle could aggregate the nanoparticles to sediment rapidly or molecular entrapment could be achieved through NEW NANOMATERIALS.

  • GAPS AND UNCERTANITIES EXIST, HOWEVER WILL BE MORE

AND MORE REDUCED DUE TO ONGOING RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE REDUCTION OF NANOPARTICLES IN THE AIR.

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THANKS TO

  • Monterrey Tech, Mexico

www.itesm.mx

  • Nanotechnology Institute,

UTD, Dallas, TX

  • Institute for Nanosciecne and

Nanotechnology, FIU, Miami