Ch 12. Intro to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes What is Organic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ch 12. Intro to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes What is Organic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 13, 2023 539 likes •669 views

Chem 30B Ch 12. Intro to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Compounds: Contain carbon as primary component. (Contain C-H bond.) Biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) Many

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Ch 12. Intro to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

Chem 30B

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What is Organic Chemistry?

  • Organic Compounds: Contain carbon as

primary component. (Contain C-H bond.)

§ Biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) § Many modern materials (plasHcs, syntheHc fibers), medicine

  • Inorganic Compounds: Majority do not

contain carbon (Those that contain C lack C-H bond, eg. CaCO3, CO2.)

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Organic Compounds: What is Special about Carbon?

  • 1. Is tetravalent

(forms 4 bonds)

  • 2. Bonds strongly to itself through covalent

bonding— thus can form long chains or rings

  • 3. Bonds strongly to electronegaHve elements (like

N, O, and halogens), to form polar covalent bonds

Chloromethane, CH3Cl

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Organic Compounds: What is Special about Carbon?

  • 4. Can form mulHple covalent bonds by sharing more

than 2 electrons (double bonds, triple bonds)

  • 5. Forms compounds with specific 3D shape (C single

bonds are oriented toward 4 corners of tetrahedron) *Because of these bonding properHes, an extraordinary number of carbon compounds exist!

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Comparison of General ProperHes: Organic vs. Inorganic Ionic Compounds

Organic Inorganic (Ionic)

Solubility Most are nonpolar à insoluble in water. Most are soluble in water. Electrical ConducHvity When soluble in water, are poor conductors of electricity. When soluble in water, are good conductors of electricity. Physical states Can be gas, liquid, or solid at room temp All are solids at room temp MelHng and Boiling Points RelaHvely low Very high

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Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

NaCl

Inorganic Ionic Compound

  • Strong ionic bonding

between + and – ions

  • MelHng point: 801 °C
  • Boiling point: 1413 °C
  • Solubility in water: Yes

Hexane

Organic Compound

  • Covalent (nonpolar) bonding

within molecule, but

  • Weak London dispersion

forces between molecules

  • MelHng point: -95 °C
  • Boiling point: 69 °C
  • Solubility in water: No
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Organic Compound Families: FuncHonal Groups

FuncHonal group: an atom or group of atoms responsible for the characterisHc properHes and behavior of an organic compound. Allows classificaHon of organic compounds into disHnct chemical families.

Probs

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Some Organic Compound Families

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Some Organic Compound Families

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Categories of Organic Compound Families

(Refer to Handout: Families of Organic Compounds.)

  • 1. Hydrocarbons (contain only carbon and

hydrogen): Alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic

  • 2. Single bonds only, carbon bonded to

electronegative atom: Alkyl halide, alcohol, ether, amine

  • 3. Carbonyl compounds: Aldehyde, ketone,

carboxylic acid, anhydride, ester, amide

  • 4. (Sulfur-containing compounds: thiol, sulfide,

disulfide)

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For each family, we will learn its…

  • 1. Structure
  • 2. Nomenclature
  • 3. ReacHons
  • 4. Physical/chemical properHes

Ex probs