Built environment and drowning mortality Historical study of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Built environment and drowning mortality Historical study of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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MONASH DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE Built environment and drowning mortality Historical study of the development of the built environment and its impact on drowning Carolyn Staines & Joan Ozanne-Smith Drowning mortality developing

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Built environment and drowning mortality

Historical study of the development of the built environment and its impact on drowning

MONASH DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE

Carolyn Staines & Joan Ozanne-Smith

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Drowning mortality – developing community

  • Most drowning deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries
  • Limited information to inform prevention strategies
  • Historical study of an evolving community to identify factors

associated with changes in drowning mortality

  • State of Victoria, Australia – historical case study – 19th and

20th centuries

  • Records of coronial inquests – who, how, why
  • Historical records – broader context for mortality and changes
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Drowning mortality – Victoria, Australia

10 20 30 40 50 60

1861 1864 1867 1870 1873 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1897 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1921 1924 1927 1930 1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999

Drowning deaths per 100,000 population Year

> 50 deaths per 100,000 < 20 deaths per 100,000 < 1 death per 100,000

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Goldfields, Ballarat, Victoria 1851

Image source: Australian Mining History Assoc.

Gold rush era Built environment in Victoria

  • Discovery of gold in 1851
  • Rapid increase in population
  • New settlements across state

Location of main goldfields, 1861

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Mining settlements – hazardous environments

Goldfields, Castlemaine, Victoria, 1858

Image source: State Library Victoria

Image source: East Gippsland Historical Society

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1863 – Peak year for drowning

Image source: State Library Victoria

Hazards magnified by floods

  • 1863 highest mortality
  • 1863 widespread flooding
  • Holes, ditches or diggings become filled
  • In absence of safe bridges, waterway

crossing more hazardous

Gippsland Times 20 February 1863

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Argus newspaper 1863

Waterholes & quarries

Bluestone quarry, Footscray, Victoria, ca. 1890s

Image source: Living Museum

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Infrastructure development – Roads & bridges

19th century 1930s depression - sustenance workers

Image source: State Library Victoria

Road and bridge construction, 1859 Bridge construction over Goulburn River, 1873

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Infrastructure development - Water management

Stony Creek Reservoir, 1873

Image source: Barwon Water

  • Reticulated water systems
  • Flood management measures
  • Victorian Water Conservation Act 1881

Flood regulating gates, Bendigo

  • ca. 1900 - ca. 1953

Image source: State Library Victoria

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Urbanisation

.

10 20 30 40 50 60 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1933 Drowning deaths per 100,000 Year % residing in metropolitan regions Drowning death rate

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Swimming & water safety

  • 1910 Education Department introduced

swimming and lifesaving instruction

  • limited by availability of suitable venues

Swimming class in Goulburn River, Victoria, 1910

Image source: Museum Victoria

Early public swimming pool, 1937

Image source: State Library Victoria

  • Safety structures or pools within large bodies
  • f water or rivers
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Public swimming pool growth

Number of public swimming pools owned by local government agencies in Victoria

Data source: Aquatics and Recreation Victoria

  • 1956 Olympic Games, Melbourne - growth in

construction of public pools

Olympic pool, Maryborough, Victoria, 1953

Image source: State Library Victoria

Wangaratta, Victoria, 1970

Image source: State Library Victoria Image source: State Library Victoria Image source: State Library Victoria

1956 Olympic Games Melbourne

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Private swimming pools & spas

Image source: Kidsafe Australia

Legislative response

  • 1991 - Safety barriers around home pools
  • 2002 - Self-closing devices to doors and gates
  • 2010 – No direct access to the pool area via a door

from a building

  • 2017 - Calls for mandatory inspections

Image source: State Library Victoria

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Built environment – drowning mortality

10 20 30 40 50 60

1861 1864 1867 1870 1873 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1897 1900 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1921 1924 1927 1930 1933 1936 1939 1942 1945 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999

Drowning deaths per 100,000 population Year

  • Built environment both causing and preventing drowning
  • Identify potential drowning hazards and solutions
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150 years later – developing communities today

11 September 2017 Two cousins drowned in rainwater-filled stone mining pit in their village in Gwalior district, India

Image source: wn.com

26 August 2017 Two youths drowned in stone quarrying pit in Satna district, India 4 September 2017 Three young boys, including two brothers, drowned in a deserted mine filled with water in Gwalior district, India