Biomass from Cyanobacteria:Opportunities for the Proposed Algae - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Biomass from Cyanobacteria:Opportunities for the Proposed Algae Biotechnology and Biofuels Institute at OSU

Wayne Carmichael Prof Emeritus wayne.carmichael@wright.edu

Their unicellular/colonial morphology, prokaryotic nature with lack of sexual cycle and relative ease of culture in defined media make them good candidates for large scale biomass

Semicontinuous batch culture, continuous culture-in lab or in field

90 Liter-Bioreactor- Continuous Culture

High biomass natural waterblooms or cultured ponds There is a long history for the use of cyanobacteria as food, feed stocks and as a medicinal

High Biomass can also lead to Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

 Produce dense blooms leading to oxygen stress.

–

Dinoflagellates – Cyanobacteria (prokaryotic microbes)

 Produce potent toxins—illness and death via food chain or biomass accumulation.

– Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) – Diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) – Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) – Ciguatera fishfood poisoning (CFP) – Estuary-associated syndrome (EAS)

– Cyanobacteria toxin poisoning (CTP) – Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)

Dinoflagellate Diatom

WATER QUALITY ADVISORY UPDATE

LARISON COVE IS RE-0PEN AND UPPER PACKARD ARM REMAINS CLOSED DUE TO ALGAE BLOOM AND GENERAL ADVISORY REMAINS FOR HILLS CREEK RESERVOIR

August 2, 2002

Larison Cove re-opens but citizens are advised to avoid contact w ith the water at Upper Pac kard Arm. For the entire Reservoir, one should avoid high con centrations of blue-green algae both on the water surface or shor eline . Humans and pets are at the highest risk when water is ingeste d (swallowed either deliberate or incidental ) from the areas of high algae concentrations. Water testing confirmed the algae to be a species having the ab ility to produce toxins. Cont inued monitoring and laboratory tests have confirmed high concentrations of the algae in the Upper Packard Arm. The situation is likel y to change as visual monitoring and water test results confirm algae concentrations.

Diamond Lake, Oregon--Anabaena flos-aquae waterbloom - Antx-a June-August 2002

Bioactive Metabolites-Of The Cyanobacteria

 Cytotoxins—Toxins with cytotoxic (cellular) effects  “Toxins” with acute, acute-lethal, or chronic biological effects

Cytotoxic Pharmacologicals

Sampling of activities-Cytotoxic (virus, bacteria, fungi, algae, worms), Antitumor, Cardioactive, Antiinflammatory, Antimitotic, Sunscreen

Ref: Namikoshi/Rinehart 1996, Burja et

• al. 2001, Gerwick et al. 2001, Harada

et al. 2003

Cyanotoxins— Mode of Action

 Neurotoxins  Hepatotoxins  Dermatoxins

Neurotoxins

Anatoxin-a Anatoxin-a(s) Saxitoxins

Hepatotoxic Microcystins

Cylindrospermopsin

Cylindrospermopsis

Dermatoxins (Marine)

Protein Kinase Activator

US EPA Ranking of Cyanotoxins- Based upon Occurrence and Health Significance

Microcystins Microcystins (most common of (most common of cyanotoxins cyanotoxins; widespread ; widespread poisonings). poisonings). Anatoxins Anatoxins (common; with animal (common; with animal poisonings). poisonings). Cylindrospermopsins Cylindrospermopsins (widespread in (widespread in U.S.; poisonings from Australia). U.S.; poisonings from Australia). Lyngbyatoxins Lyngbyatoxins (possible presence in (possible presence in continental U.S.; poisonings in continental U.S.; poisonings in South and Central Pacific). South and Central Pacific). Nodularins Nodularins (unknown in NA; some (unknown in NA; some animal deaths internationally). animal deaths internationally). Saxitoxins Saxitoxins (sporadic; with some (sporadic; with some animal deaths). animal deaths). BMAA (world wide; but health BMAA (world wide; but health significance largely unknown). significance largely unknown). LPS (world wide; unknown). LPS (world wide; unknown).

Needed Studies on Toxic Cyanobacteria

Management of Toxic blooms Molecular Taxonomy

• Isolation
• Purification
• Chemical Identification
• Toxicology
• Pharmacology
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Management
• Production
• Regulation (genetic)
• Role

Biotoxins for standards development of rapid assays Cytotoxins (Drug Discovery) Laboratory Isolation and Culture Molecular Taxonomy World-wide occurrence and distribution

Summary-Uses of Cyanobacteria Biomass- Based on the Five Focus Areas for the Institute

• Bioremediation-i.e. heavy metals,

pesticides, nutrients

• Water Management-CyanoHABs
• Biofuels-Hydrogen, but not good for

alcohol or biodiesel

• Bioproducts-pharmacologicals,

cyanotoxins

• Carbon Sequestration-biomass