BBNANG243 Phonological analysis 2. The vowel inventory of English - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

BBN–ANG–243 Phonological analysis

• 2. The vowel inventory of English

Zoltán Kiss, Péter Szigetvári, Attila Starěvić, Miklós Törkenczy

Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 1 / 15

SLIDE 2

the stressed vowels of British English

Gimson Lindsey C # V

KIT

I I

✓ ✗ ✗

DRESS

e E

✓ ✗ ✗

TRAP

æ a

✓ ✗ ✗

STRUT

2 @

✓ ✗ ✗

LOT/CLOTH

6 O

✓ ✗ ✗

FOOT

U

✓ ✗ ✗

NEAR

I@ I:

✓ ✓ ✗

SQUARE

e@ E:

✓ ✓ ✗

START/BATH/PALM

A: A:

✓ ✓ ✗

NURSE

3: @:

✓ ✓ ✗

FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT

O:

• :

✓ ✓ ✗

CURE

U@ 0:

✓ ✓ ✗

FLEECE

i: Ij

✓ ✓ ✓

FACE

eI Ej

✓ ✓ ✓

PRICE

aI Aj

✓ ✓ ✓

CHOICE

OI

• j

✓ ✓ ✓

MOUTH

aU aw

✓ ✓ ✓

GOAT

@U @w

✓ ✓ ✓

GOOSE

u: 0w

✓ ✓ ✓

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 2 / 15

SLIDE 3

the stressed vowels of British English

Gimson Lindsey C # V

KIT

I I

✓ ✗ ✗

               checked

DRESS

e E

✓ ✗ ✗

TRAP

æ a

✓ ✗ ✗

STRUT

2 @

✓ ✗ ✗

LOT/CLOTH

6 O

✓ ✗ ✗

FOOT

U

✓ ✗ ✗

NEAR

I@ I:

✓ ✓ ✗

SQUARE

e@ E:

✓ ✓ ✗

START/BATH/PALM

A: A:

✓ ✓ ✗

NURSE

3: @:

✓ ✓ ✗

FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT

O:

• :

✓ ✓ ✗

CURE

U@ 0:

✓ ✓ ✗

FLEECE

i: Ij

✓ ✓ ✓

FACE

eI Ej

✓ ✓ ✓

PRICE

aI Aj

✓ ✓ ✓

CHOICE

OI

• j

✓ ✓ ✓

MOUTH

aU aw

✓ ✓ ✓

GOAT

@U @w

✓ ✓ ✓

GOOSE

u: 0w

✓ ✓ ✓

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 2 / 15

SLIDE 4

the stressed vowels of British English

Gimson Lindsey C # V

KIT

I I

✓ ✗ ✗

               checked

DRESS

e E

✓ ✗ ✗

TRAP

æ a

✓ ✗ ✗

STRUT

2 @

✓ ✗ ✗

LOT/CLOTH

6 O

✓ ✗ ✗

FOOT

U

✓ ✗ ✗

NEAR

I@ I:

✓ ✓ ✗

               R vowels

SQUARE

e@ E:

✓ ✓ ✗

START/BATH/PALM

A: A:

✓ ✓ ✗

NURSE

3: @:

✓ ✓ ✗

FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT

O:

• :

✓ ✓ ✗

CURE

U@ 0:

✓ ✓ ✗

FLEECE

i: Ij

✓ ✓ ✓

FACE

eI Ej

✓ ✓ ✓

PRICE

aI Aj

✓ ✓ ✓

CHOICE

OI

• j

✓ ✓ ✓

MOUTH

aU aw

✓ ✓ ✓

GOAT

@U @w

✓ ✓ ✓

GOOSE

u: 0w

✓ ✓ ✓

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 2 / 15

SLIDE 5

the stressed vowels of British English

Gimson Lindsey C # V

KIT

I I

✓ ✗ ✗

               checked

DRESS

e E

✓ ✗ ✗

TRAP

æ a

✓ ✗ ✗

STRUT

2 @

✓ ✗ ✗

LOT/CLOTH

6 O

✓ ✗ ✗

FOOT

U

✓ ✗ ✗

NEAR

I@ I:

✓ ✓ ✗

               R vowels

SQUARE

e@ E:

✓ ✓ ✗

START/BATH/PALM

A: A:

✓ ✓ ✗

NURSE

3: @:

✓ ✓ ✗

FORCE/NORTH/THOUGHT

O:

• :

✓ ✓ ✗

CURE

U@ 0:

✓ ✓ ✗

FLEECE

i: Ij

✓ ✓ ✓

                   free

FACE

eI Ej

✓ ✓ ✓

PRICE

aI Aj

✓ ✓ ✓

CHOICE

OI

• j

✓ ✓ ✓

MOUTH

aU aw

✓ ✓ ✓

GOAT

@U @w

✓ ✓ ✓

GOOSE

u: 0w

✓ ✓ ✓

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 2 / 15

SLIDE 6

• ur enterprise is to simplify the vowel system

Lindsey’s symbols

I E a @ O I: E: A: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw Aj @w

• j

0w

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 3 / 15

SLIDE 7

• ur enterprise is to simplify the vowel system

Lindsey’s symbols

I E a @ O I: E: A: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw Aj @w

• j

0w ◮ a and A, o and O are in complementary distribution

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 3 / 15

SLIDE 8

• ur enterprise is to simplify the vowel system

Lindsey’s symbols

I E a @ O I: E: A: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw Aj @w

• j

0w ◮ a and A, o and O are in complementary distribution ◮ A/o before j and :

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 3 / 15

SLIDE 9

• ur enterprise is to simplify the vowel system

Lindsey’s symbols

I E a @ O I: E: A: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw Aj @w

• j

0w ◮ a and A, o and O are in complementary distribution ◮ A/o before j and : ◮ a/O elsewhere

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 3 / 15

SLIDE 10

• ur enterprise is to simplify the vowel system

Lindsey’s symbols

I E a @ O I: E: A: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw Aj @w

• j

0w ◮ a and A, o and O are in complementary distribution ◮ A/o before j and : ◮ a/O elsewhere

simplified system

I E a @

• I:

E: a: @:

• :

0: Ij Ej aw aj @w

• j

0w

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 3 / 15

SLIDE 11

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R

I kit I: near E dress E: square a trap a: start

• lot
• : force

0 foot 0: cure @ strut @: nurse

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 12

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R

I kit I: near E dress E: square a trap a: start

• lot
• : force

0 foot 0: cure −

• @ strut

@: nurse

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 13

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R

I kit I: near E dress E: square a trap a: start

• lot
• : force

0 foot (0: cure) @ strut @: nurse

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 14

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece E dress E: square Ej face a trap a: start aj price aw mouth

• lot
• : force
• j choice

0 foot (0: cure) 0w goose @ strut @: nurse @w goat

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 15

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece Iw bill E dress E: square Ej face Ew bell a trap a: start aj price aw mouth l-vocalization

• lot
• : force
• j choice
• w ball

0 foot (0: cure) 0w goose @ strut @: nurse @w goat

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 16

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece Iw bill E dress E: square Ej face Ew bell a trap a: start aj price aw mouth

• lot
• : force
• j choice
• w ball

0 foot (0: cure) 0j goose @ strut @: nurse @j goat glide fronting

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 17

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece Iw bill E dress E: square Ej face Ew bell a trap a: start aj price aw mouth l-vocalization

• lot
• : force
• j choice
• w ball

0 foot (0: cure) 0j goose (uw bull) @ strut @: nurse @j goat @w dull

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 18

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece Iw bill E dress E: square Ej face Ew bell a trap a: start aj price aw mouth

• lot
• : force
• j choice
• w ball

0 foot (0: cure) 0j goose (uw bull) _ ↑ @ strut @: nurse @j goat @w dull

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 19

symmetry

SHORT/CHECKED LONG/R DIPHTHONG/FREE

I kit I: near Ij fleece E dress E: square Ej face a trap a: start aj price aw mouth

• lot
• : force
• j choice

0 foot (0: cure) 0w goose @ strut @: nurse @w goat

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 4 / 15

SLIDE 20

phonotactics

the similarity of CC and “diphthong” phonotactics

pj * kj ≈ Ej * aj * tw kw * @w aw

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 5 / 15

SLIDE 21

phonotactics

the similarity of CC and “diphthong” phonotactics

pj * kj ≈ Ej * aj * tw kw * @w aw

glides in cluster and alone

pure pjo: rape rEjp quad kwod couch kawtS poor po: rep rEp cod kod catch katS your jo: ray rEj wad wod cow kaw click klIk milk mIlk trap trap hunt h@nt kick kIk Mick mIk tap tap hut h@t lick lIk mill mIl wrap rap Hun h@n

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 5 / 15

SLIDE 22

the distribution of glides

no glide after short stressed vowel

l r j w h # V lay lEj ray rEj yea jEj way wEj hay hEj C V clay klEj grey grEj cue kj0w dwell dwEl * V ´ V allay @l´ Ej array @r´ Ej beyond b@j´

• nd away @w´

Ej ahead @h´ Ed ´ V V ally ´ alaj arrow ´ ar@w * * *

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 6 / 15

SLIDE 23

the distribution of glides

no glide after short stressed vowel

l r j w h # V lay lEj ray rEj yea jEj way wEj hay hEj C V clay klEj grey grEj cue kj0w dwell dwEl pay phEj? V ´ V allay @l´ Ej array @r´ Ej beyond b@j´

• nd away @w´

Ej ahead @h´ Ed ´ V V ally ´ alaj arrow ´ ar@w * * *

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 6 / 15

SLIDE 24

the distribution of glides

no glide after short stressed vowel

l r j w h # V lay lEj ray rEj yea jEj way wEj hay hEj C V clay klEj grey grEj cue kj0w dwell dwEl V ´ V allay @l´ Ej array @r´ Ej beyond b@j´

• nd away @w´

Ej ahead @h´ Ed ´ V V ally ´ alaj arrow ´ ar@w * * *

• nly after R vowels (long vowels and unstressed @)

Darwin d´ A:wIn, Malawi m@l´ A:wIj, narwhal n´ A:w@l, Ottawa ´

• t@w@, yahoo

j´ A:h0w, Monahan m´

• n@h@n, sawyer s´
• :j@

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 6 / 15

SLIDE 25

the distribution of glides

no glide after short stressed vowel

l r j w h # V lay lEj ray rEj yea jEj way wEj hay hEj C V clay klEj grey grEj cue kj0w dwell dwEl V ´ V allay @l´ Ej array @r´ Ej beyond b@j´

• nd away @w´

Ej ahead @h´ Ed ´ V V ally ´ alaj arrow ´ ar@w * * *

• nly after R vowels (long vowels and unstressed @)

Darwin d´ A:wIn, Malawi m@l´ A:wIj, narwhal n´ A:w@l, Ottawa ´

• t@w@, yahoo

j´ A:h0w, Monahan m´

• n@h@n, sawyer s´
• :j@

possible explanation: “diphthong” = short vowel + glide

neon n ´ Ijon, crayon kr´ Ejon, lion l´ aj@n, royal r´

• j@l, vowel v´

aw@l, Noah n´ @w@, fuel fj´ 0w@l

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 6 / 15

SLIDE 26

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 27

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 28

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 29

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d ◮ IrE elm El(@)m, farm faô(@)m, earn @:ô(@)n, girl g@:ô(@)l

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 30

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d ◮ IrE elm El(@)m, farm faô(@)m, earn @:ô(@)n, girl g@:ô(@)l ◮ mile m´ aj@l, veil v´ Ej@l, deal d ´ Ij@l, boil b´

• j@l

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 31

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d ◮ IrE elm El(@)m, farm faô(@)m, earn @:ô(@)n, girl g@:ô(@)l ◮ mile m´ aj@l, veil v´ Ej@l, deal d ´ Ij@l, boil b´

• j@l

“breaking” is epenthesis!

sire s´ ajr > s´ aj@(r), fear f ´ Ijr > f ´ Ij@(r), sour s´ awr > s´ aw@(r)

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 32

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d ◮ IrE elm El(@)m, farm faô(@)m, earn @:ô(@)n, girl g@:ô(@)l ◮ mile m´ aj@l, veil v´ Ej@l, deal d ´ Ij@l, boil b´

• j@l

“breaking” is epenthesis!

sire s´ ajr > s´ aj@(r), fear f ´ Ijr > f ´ Ij@(r), sour s´ awr > s´ aw@(r)

no epenthesis if the cluster is not word final

metric m´ EtrIk, simplest s ´ Impl@st, Miley Cyrus m´ ajlIj s´ ajr@s

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 33

epenthesis

consonant clusters may be split by epenthesis

◮ F mEtr > E mIjt@(r), OF simpl > E sImp@l, F prizm > E prIz@m ◮ matches matS+z > matS@z, fitted fIt+d > fIt@d ◮ IrE elm El(@)m, farm faô(@)m, earn @:ô(@)n, girl g@:ô(@)l ◮ mile m´ aj@l, veil v´ Ej@l, deal d ´ Ij@l, boil b´

• j@l

“breaking” is epenthesis!

sire s´ ajr > s´ aj@(r), fear f ´ Ijr > f ´ Ij@(r), sour s´ awr > s´ aw@(r)

no epenthesis if the cluster is not word final

metric m´ EtrIk, simplest s ´ Impl@st, Miley Cyrus m´ ajlIj s´ ajr@s so why does everybody talk about diphthongs?

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 7 / 15

SLIDE 34

history, spelling, tradition

the Middle English long vowels are the Modern English diphthongs

price pri:s mouth mu:T fleece fle:s goose go:s meat mE:t goat gO:t face fa:s price prajs mouth mawT fleece flijs goose g0ws meat mijt goat g@wt face fEjs

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 8 / 15

SLIDE 35

history, spelling, tradition

the Middle English long vowels are the Modern English diphthongs

price pri:s mouth mu:T fleece fle:s goose go:s meat mE:t goat gO:t face fa:s price prajs mouth mawT fleece flijs goose g0ws meat mijt goat g@wt face fEjs

ME long–short alternations are ModE diphthong–short alternations

keep kIjp—kept kEpt, grave grEjv—gravity grav@tIj, mime majm—mimic mImIk, south sawT—southern s@D@n, holy h@wlIj—holiday holIdEj, fool f0wl—folly folIj

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 8 / 15

SLIDE 36

history, spelling, tradition

the Middle English long vowels are the Modern English diphthongs

price pri:s mouth mu:T fleece fle:s goose go:s meat mE:t goat gO:t face fa:s price prajs mouth mawT fleece flijs goose g0ws meat mijt goat g@wt face fEjs

ME long–short alternations are ModE diphthong–short alternations

keep kIjp—kept kEpt, grave grEjv—gravity grav@tIj, mime majm—mimic mImIk, south sawT—southern s@D@n, holy h@wlIj—holiday holIdEj, fool f0wl—folly folIj

tradition

Ej is called long A, a is called short A, etc

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 8 / 15

SLIDE 37

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 38

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 39

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 40

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 41

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

• but. . .

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 42

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

• but. . .

◮ carry k´ arIj, omit @m ´ It

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 43

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

• but. . .

◮ carry k´ arIj, omit @m ´ It ◮ decade d´ EkEjd, defense d@f´ Ens

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 44

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

• but. . .

◮ carry k´ arIj, omit @m ´ It ◮ decade d´ EkEjd, defense d@f´ Ens ◮ Cyclopean sajkl´ @wpIj@n, persimmon p@s ´ Im@n

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 45

stress

do diphtongs behave like VC?

◮ agree @gr ´ Ij vs punish p´ @nIS ◮ arcade a:k´ Ejd vs stipend st´ ajpEnd ◮ European j´

• :r@p

´ Ij@n vs regimen r´ EdZIm@n

• but. . .

◮ carry k´ arIj, omit @m ´ It ◮ decade d´ EkEjd, defense d@f´ Ens ◮ Cyclopean sajkl´ @wpIj@n, persimmon p@s ´ Im@n

• so. . .

stress does not provide conclusive evidence for the diphthong analysis

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 9 / 15

SLIDE 46

flapping

t is pronounced as R between vowels

problem: if diphthongs are VC, we do not expect flapping after them

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 10 / 15

SLIDE 47

flapping

t is pronounced as R between vowels

problem: if diphthongs are VC, we do not expect flapping after them

flapping also occurs after some consonants

GeneralAm NZ basilect NZ acrolect fatter fat@

✓ ✓ ✓

farter fa:t@

✓ ✓ ✗(!)

fighter fajt@

✓ ✓ ✗(!)

Fanta fant@

✓ ✗ ✗

faster fast@

✗ ✗ ✗

factor fakt@

✗ ✗ ✗

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 10 / 15

SLIDE 48

geminates

English has no morpheme-internal geminates

geminates only occur across a morpheme boundary: un#nerved ´ @nn´ @:vd, homemade h´ @wmmEjd, black#currant bl´ akk´ @r@nt, dis#satisfied d ´ Iss´ atIsfajd

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 11 / 15

SLIDE 49

geminates

English has no morpheme-internal geminates

geminates only occur across a morpheme boundary: un#nerved ´ @nn´ @:vd, homemade h´ @wmmEjd, black#currant bl´ akk´ @r@nt, dis#satisfied d ´ Iss´ atIsfajd

is there jj or ww?

dasyure d´ asIjjo:, diuresis d´ ajj@r ´ Ijs@s, maieutic mEjj´ 0wtIk, pyuria pajj´

• :rIj@,

Shijiazhuang S ´ Ijja:dZw´ aN, sukiyaki s´ 0wkIjj´ a:kIj, Taiyuan t´ ajj0w´ an, triune tr´ ajj0wn, Beowulf b´ Ej@ww0lf, Hluhluwe Sl0Sl´ 0wwEj, powwow p´ awwaw

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 11 / 15

SLIDE 50

geminates

English has no morpheme-internal geminates

geminates only occur across a morpheme boundary: un#nerved ´ @nn´ @:vd, homemade h´ @wmmEjd, black#currant bl´ akk´ @r@nt, dis#satisfied d ´ Iss´ atIsfajd

is there jj or ww?

dasyure d´ asIjjo:, diuresis d´ ajj@r ´ Ijs@s, maieutic mEjj´ 0wtIk, pyuria pajj´

• :rIj@,

Shijiazhuang S ´ Ijja:dZw´ aN, sukiyaki s´ 0wkIjj´ a:kIj, Taiyuan t´ ajj0w´ an, triune tr´ ajj0wn, Beowulf b´ Ej@ww0lf, Hluhluwe Sl0Sl´ 0wwEj, powwow p´ awwaw

jw and wj is also rare

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 11 / 15

SLIDE 51

geminates

English has no morpheme-internal geminates

geminates only occur across a morpheme boundary: un#nerved ´ @nn´ @:vd, homemade h´ @wmmEjd, black#currant bl´ akk´ @r@nt, dis#satisfied d ´ Iss´ atIsfajd

is there jj or ww?

dasyure d´ asIjjo:, diuresis d´ ajj@r ´ Ijs@s, maieutic mEjj´ 0wtIk, pyuria pajj´

• :rIj@,

Shijiazhuang S ´ Ijja:dZw´ aN, sukiyaki s´ 0wkIjj´ a:kIj, Taiyuan t´ ajj0w´ an, triune tr´ ajj0wn, Beowulf b´ Ej@ww0lf, Hluhluwe Sl0Sl´ 0wwEj, powwow p´ awwaw

jw and wj is also rare

jw Awacs ´ Ejwaks, Blawith bl´ EjwIT, Chichewa tSitS´ Ejw@, Ewok ´ Ijwok, Iwo ´ Ijw@w, kiwi k ´ IjwIj, pewit p ´ IjwIt, Taiwan tajw´

• n, Tewa t´

Ejw@

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 11 / 15

SLIDE 52

geminates

English has no morpheme-internal geminates

geminates only occur across a morpheme boundary: un#nerved ´ @nn´ @:vd, homemade h´ @wmmEjd, black#currant bl´ akk´ @r@nt, dis#satisfied d ´ Iss´ atIsfajd

is there jj or ww?

dasyure d´ asIjjo:, diuresis d´ ajj@r ´ Ijs@s, maieutic mEjj´ 0wtIk, pyuria pajj´

• :rIj@,

Shijiazhuang S ´ Ijja:dZw´ aN, sukiyaki s´ 0wkIjj´ a:kIj, Taiyuan t´ ajj0w´ an, triune tr´ ajj0wn, Beowulf b´ Ej@ww0lf, Hluhluwe Sl0Sl´ 0wwEj, powwow p´ awwaw

jw and wj is also rare

jw Awacs ´ Ejwaks, Blawith bl´ EjwIT, Chichewa tSitS´ Ejw@, Ewok ´ Ijwok, Iwo ´ Ijw@w, kiwi k ´ IjwIj, pewit p ´ IjwIt, Taiwan tajw´

• n, Tewa t´

Ejw@ wj alleluia ´ al@l´ 0wj@, bouillon b´ 0wjon, cocoyam k´ @wk@wjam, Gruyere gr´ 0wjE:, Kikuyu kIk´ 0wj0w, thuya Tj´ 0wj@, yoyo j´ @wj@w

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 11 / 15

SLIDE 53

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 54

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 55

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 56

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 57

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

further unstressed syllables

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 58

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

further unstressed syllables

◮ FLEECE Ij, eg in happy h´ apIj, helium h ´ IjlIj@m

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 59

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

further unstressed syllables

◮ FLEECE Ij, eg in happy h´ apIj, helium h ´ IjlIj@m ◮ GOOSE 0w, eg in value v´ alj0w, evaluate @v´ alj0wEjt

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 60

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

further unstressed syllables

◮ FLEECE Ij, eg in happy h´ apIj, helium h ´ IjlIj@m ◮ GOOSE 0w, eg in value v´ alj0w, evaluate @v´ alj0wEjt ◮ GOAT @w, eg in window w ´ Ind@w, motto m´

• t@w

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 61

unstressed vowels

short vowel in unstressed syllables

◮ STRUT @, eg in allow @l´ aw, gallop g´ al@p, colour k´ @l@ ◮ KIT I, eg in impel Imp´ El, cleric kl´ ErIk, image ´ ImIdZ ◮ FOOT 0, eg in accurate ´ akj0r@t, botulin b´

• tS0lIn

further unstressed syllables

◮ FLEECE Ij, eg in happy h´ apIj, helium h ´ IjlIj@m ◮ GOOSE 0w, eg in value v´ alj0w, evaluate @v´ alj0wEjt ◮ GOAT @w, eg in window w ´ Ind@w, motto m´

• t@w

simplest analysis

FLEECE, GOOSE, GOAT are KIT, FOOT, STRUT followed by a glide

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 12 / 15

SLIDE 62

long vowels

the observation

NZ Acrolect has fatter f´ aR@ vs farter f´ a:t@

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 13 / 15

SLIDE 63

long vowels

the observation

NZ Acrolect has fatter f´ aR@ vs farter f´ a:t@

a possible explanation

: is a consonant

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 13 / 15

SLIDE 64

long vowels

the observation

NZ Acrolect has fatter f´ aR@ vs farter f´ a:t@

a possible explanation

: is a consonant

drawback

: is a peculiar “consonant”, which only occurs C and #

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 13 / 15

SLIDE 65

long vowels

the observation

NZ Acrolect has fatter f´ aR@ vs farter f´ a:t@

a possible explanation

: is a consonant

drawback

: is a peculiar “consonant”, which only occurs C and #, this is weird, we know of Cs that only occur V (h, r, l)

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 13 / 15

SLIDE 66

long vowels

the observation

NZ Acrolect has fatter f´ aR@ vs farter f´ a:t@

a possible explanation

: is a consonant

drawback

: is a peculiar “consonant”, which only occurs C and #, this is weird, we know of Cs that only occur V (h, r, l)

perhaps

:=h or r, but we then have “geminates”: Tahiti ta:h ´ IjtIj, Sahara s@h´ a:r@

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 13 / 15

SLIDE 67

the vowel system of British English

• ∅
• :
• j
• w

a-

TRAP PALM PRICE MOUTH

E-

DRESS SQUARE FACE

(BELL) I-

KIT NEAR FLEECE

(MILK)

• LOT

THOUGHT CHOICE

(GOLF) 0-

FOOT

(CURE) (GOOSE)

GOOSE

@-

STRUT NURSE

(GOAT)

GOAT

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 14 / 15

SLIDE 68

the vowel system of British English

• ∅
• :
• j
• w

a-

TRAP PALM PRICE MOUTH

e-

DRESS SQUARE FACE

(BELL) i-

KIT NEAR FLEECE

(MILK)

• LOT

THOUGHT CHOICE

(GOLF) u-

FOOT

(CURE) (GOOSE)

GOOSE

@-

STRUT NURSE

(GOAT)

GOAT

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 14 / 15

SLIDE 69

some conclusions

◮ (British) English has no more than six vowels (a e i o u @), the majority of the “vowels” we talked about before are a combination of

• ne of these short vowels followed by :, j, or w

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 15 / 15

SLIDE 70

some conclusions

◮ (British) English has no more than six vowels (a e i o u @), the majority of the “vowels” we talked about before are a combination of

• ne of these short vowels followed by :, j, or w

◮ the only vowel that occurs word finally is unstressed @, free and R vowels are VC

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 15 / 15

SLIDE 71

some conclusions

◮ (British) English has no more than six vowels (a e i o u @), the majority of the “vowels” we talked about before are a combination of

• ne of these short vowels followed by :, j, or w

◮ the only vowel that occurs word finally is unstressed @, free and R vowels are VC ◮ there’s no hiatus in English, “free vowels” are VC

(delg) analysis 2/vowels 15 / 15