Nuclear Spectroscopy I
Augusto O. Macchiavelli Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Work supported under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Many thanks to Rod Clark, I.Y. Lee, and Dirk Weisshaar
Atomic nuclei constitute unique many body systems of strongly - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Nuclear Spectroscopy I Augusto O. Macchiavelli Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Many thanks to Rod Clark, I.Y. Lee, and Dirk Weisshaar Work supported under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. Atomic nuclei
Augusto O. Macchiavelli Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Work supported under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Many thanks to Rod Clark, I.Y. Lee, and Dirk Weisshaar
Atomic nuclei constitute unique many body systems of strongly interacting fermions. Their properties and structure, are of paramount importance to many aspects of physics. Many of the phenomena encountered in nuclei share common basic physics ingredients with other mesoscopic systems, thus making nuclear structure research relevant to other areas of contemporary research, for example in condensed matter and atomic physics. These are exciting times in the field of physics of nuclei: Existing and planned exotic beam facilities worldwide and new detector systems with increased sensitivity and resolving power not only will allow us to answer some important questions we have today, but most likely will open up a window to new and unexpected phenomena. New developments in theory and computer power are shaping a path to a predictive theory of nuclei and reactions.
Neutron number N Proton number Z
Unknown nuclei
Neutron number N Proton number Z
Unknown nuclei
Proton drip-line
Mirror symmetry p and 2p tunneling Spin triplet superconductivity (T=0 pairing) rp-process Novae, X-ray bursts
Neutron drip-line
Halos, Skins Pairing at low density New shell structure New collective modes r-process Stars, Supernovae
Heavy Elements
Shell stability Island of SHE
Short Introduction Shell model and residual interactions Pairing and deformation Nilsson model Rotational motion γ-ray Spectroscopy Interactions of gamma-rays with matter Scintillators Ge –detectors Compton-suppression Resolving power
Z N
Energy of First Excited State
Mean Field Residual Interaction, V(1,2)
In principle if the form of the bare nucleon-nucleon interaction is known, then the properties and structures of a given nucleus can be calculated ab-initio:
In the shell model we make the following approximations to the problem:
+ 3-body
The average potential U(rk) , experienced by all the k particles approximates the combined effects of all the two-body interactions. We now consider the motion of the valence nucleons ( i.e. neutrons or protons that are in excess of the last, completely filled shell) in the mean field and the effect of a residual interaction, V(r1, r2) , only among them.
0 + H2 0 + V (1,2)
k) =
k l
l)
Problem #1
ω0 ≈ 41 A−1/3 MeV
spin−orbit ≈ 20 A
−2/3 MeV
∝ ∂V(r)/∂r MeV 1 .
2
≈ −term l
The Mean Field
Derive from the nn interaction with in-medium effects Determine the residual interaction from experimental data. Use a schematic model with a simple spatial form that captures the main ingredients of the force.
2(θ12)
Short-range (Pairing ) + long-range (Quadrupole)
BM ¡Vol ¡1 ¡page ¡170 ¡
Pair gaps from mass differences
2(θ12)
Problem #1
R42 = E4 E2
Major ingredient is Vπν Scaling of nuclei properties with NnNp
Federman, Pittel, Phys. Rev. C 20, 820–829 (1979)
vibrations rotations
N
shells ¡which ¡gives ¡addi:onal ¡B.E. ¡if ¡nuclei ¡deform. ¡
low-‑lying ¡rota:onal ¡bands ¡suggests ¡nuclei ¡can ¡be ¡deformed. ¡
spherical ¡harmonics: ¡
Problem #2
20 =
22 =
degree of triaxiality.
β>0, γ=0o is axially symmetric prolate deformation β<0, γ=-60o is axially symmetric oblate deformation
deformation can be described using only two parameters α20 , α22.
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 1 ) ( Dl C z y x m r V − − + + = l.s ω ω ω
3 2 1
⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ − = ε ω ω 3 2 1
3
⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + = = ε ω ω ω 3 1 1
2 1 3 1
) ( ω ω ω ε − =
⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ − − ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + = ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + + ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + + ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + = 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 3 3 2 2 1 1
N n N n n n E ε ω ω ω ω
Nilsson ¡quantum ¡numbers ¡are ¡Λ=lz, ¡Σ=sz, ¡Ω=Λ+Σ=jz ¡and ¡parity ¡π=(-‑1)l. ¡
Ben Mottelson, Phys. Scr. T125 (2006)
can ¡be ¡seen ¡in ¡the ¡diagram. ¡
by ¡N(lj) ¡at ¡ε=0, ¡is ¡split ¡into ¡ (2j+1)/2 ¡levels ¡with ¡
. ,..., 2 3 , 2 1 j ± ± ± = Ω
means ¡that ¡each ¡level ¡can ¡ accommodate ¡two ¡nucleons. ¡
shi\ed ¡downwards ¡for ¡ε>0 ¡(prolate) ¡ and ¡upwards ¡for ¡ε<0 ¡(oblate). ¡ Deformed Mean Field
Problem #4
The nucleons move independently inside the deformed potential (intrinsic degrees of freedom) The nucleus rotates as a whole. (collective degrees of freedom) The nucleonic motion is much faster than the rotation (adiabatic approximation)
Lab Intrinsic
E ≈ Ein + Erot Ψ ≈ Ψin(xν )Ψrot(ψ,θ,ϕ) ≡ ΦKΨrot(ψ,θ,ϕ) E ≈ Ein + I(I +1)− K 2 2ℑ +....
K 2 / 1 2
I MK
E(I,K) = EK + AI(I +1)+ B(I(I +1))2
ℑ = 22 |< i'| j1 |i >|2 e(i) − e(i') = ℑrigid
i−occ,i'
Rotational properties: Moment of Inertia
ℑrigid = 2 5 MR2 1+ 1 3ε +.... " # $ % & '
Correlated two particle states have much less angular momentum than the corresponding free particle motion è è quasi-particles
E ≈ 2 2ℑ I(I +1)
3/2
x = 2Δ D
Migdal Formula:
Irrotational flow
Problem #3
E2+ ≈ 3!2 ℑ
Pair gaps from rotational properties
12 ¡A-‑1/2 ¡
Quenching of Pairing correlations?
D
2
Δ −
rigid
I ℑ 2 ~
2
~ I 2 2(ℑrigid 3 )
Mottelson and Valatin
Coriolis effects
~ I 2 2ℑ ~ (I − 2 j)2 2ℑ + 2Δ
Stephens and Simon
Problem #5
Black ¡– ¡produc:on ¡in ¡target ¡ Magenta ¡– ¡in-‑flight ¡produc:on ¡
ARIEL ¡
From ¡Brad ¡Sherrill ¡-‑ ¡MSU ¡
How ¡to ¡study ¡exo:c ¡nuclei ¡? ¡ ¡An ¡ar:st ¡view ¡
Coulomb Excitation Transfer, Deep Inelastic, Incomplete Fusion Fusion- Evaporation Fragmentation
Gamma-ray spectroscopy has played a major role in the study of the atomic nucleus. Gamma-ray Spectroscopy and Nuclear Physics
à Level/decay scheme
/correlations à Multipolarity, spins
à E/M, parity
à Lifetimes, B(E/M λ)
Single Particle Alignment Collective Rotation
Normal-Deformed Rotational Bands (β~0.3) Super-Deformed Rotational Bands (β~0.6)
Which detectors should we use ? “Effective” Energy resolution (δE), Efficiency (ε), Peak-to-Background (P/T) Resolving Power
GRETINA $ 20 M