ATEM MODULE 4: ELECTRICAL A c c r e d i t e d T e x a s E n e r g - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ATEM MODULE 4: ELECTRICAL

A c c r e d i t e d T e x a s E n e r g y M a n a g e r

The Goal…

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

❯TO LOWER YOUR ELECTRIC BILL

Electricity is a Form of Energy

❯Three Basic Components of Electricity

• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Let’s look at the physical definition of work

Work = Force X Distance

To Simplify…

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Distance Force

Current is flow of electric charge through a medium

Units: Amps

What is Current?

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire

Resistance is the opposition to flow of electric current

Units: Ohms

What is Resistance?

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Pipe=Wire

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What Increases Resistance?

❯Type of materials used for wire

• Aluminum is more resistive to current

flow, than copper

❯The length of the wire

• The longer the wire, the more

resistance to current flow will be present

❯The cross-sectional area of the wire

• The smaller the wire diameter, the

more resistance to current flow will be present

Pipe=Wire

Electrical Distribution Losses

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Three Basic Components of Electricity

❯How are the three basic components related?

Ohm’s Law

Voltage = Current x Resistance

V = I x R

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

The amount of work that can be done by moving an electric charge a distance

Units: Volts

What is Voltage?

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Distance Pipe=Wire

The electric potential difference

The amount of work that can be done by moving an electric charge a distance

Units: Watts

What is Power?

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Distance Pipe=Wire

How quickly electrical energy is transferred

Electrical Power

❯We learned:

• Ohm’s Law -

V = I x R

Power = Voltage x Time

Wh = V x Hours

Where: Wh = Watt hours Note: 1000 Wh = 1 KiloWattHour (kWh)

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Not All Power Is Useful

❯Total

• Apparent Power
• Units: Volt-Ampere

❯Not Useful

• Reactive Power
• Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive

❯Useful

• Real Power
• Units: Watts

❯ Not ALL of the energy made was

transferred to the right place

Pipe=Wire

Non-Useable Power

❯Inductive loads have high reactive power

• T12 Ballasts
• Large Motors
• Arc Welders
• Inductive Furnace

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

How Are the Powers Related?

(Apparent Power)2 = (Real Power)2 + (Reactive Power)2

❯Apparent Power

• Total Power delivered to the building from the electricity utility company
• Units: Volt-Ampere or VA

❯Real Power

• Power that you were able to use
• Units: Watts or W

❯Reactive Power

• Power that you wasted
• Units: Volt-Ampere Reactive or VAr

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

How is Power Related to Voltage and Current?

❯Apparent Power (𝑄)

• Total Power delivered to the building from the electricity utility company
• Units: Volt-Ampere or VA

Single Phase Three Phase

𝑄 = 𝑊 × 𝐽 𝑄 = 𝑊 × 𝐽 × 3

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What is kWh?

kWh = (Watts/1000) x Number of Hours

❯The energy consumed over a period of time (usually 1 hour)

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Understanding kWh

2,000 Watt fan that runs for 7 hours =2kW x 7 hours = 14kWh

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Back to the Electric Bill…

Power Consumed Apparent Power the building required

What is Power Factor?

❯Power Factor is the ratio of the real power to the total power (apparent

power) Power Factor =

❯Power factor will range from 0 to 1 or 0% to 100%

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Real Power (Watts) Apparent Power (Volt-Amps)

Power Factor Example

Power Factor =

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Real Power (Watts) Apparent Power (Volt-Amps) 0.97 = Real Power (Watts) 728 VA Real Power = 706 kW

Power Factor Correction

❯Power factor correction will only decrease your electric bill, if the utility

imposes a penalty on power factor

❯Why?

• Because most utility companies charge customers on an hourly average of

Real Power (Watt) consumption

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

What is Load Factor?

❯Load factor is how much energy is used in comparison to the total peak

energy available Load Factor = Load Factor = Load Factor = = = 50%

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Total kWh consumed per billing period Total potential energy available Total kWh consumer per billing period Peak Demand in kW x billing period x 24 hrs/day 36,000 kWh 100 kW x 30 days x 24 hrs/day 36,000 kWh 72,000 kWh

Understanding Load Factor

❯Both low and high load factors can represent energy cost saving

• pportunities

❯High LF may mean that you shaved the Peak Demand or reduced your

monthly consumption

❯Low LF may mean that you reduced you operating hours, to save kWh

but didn’t improve the Peak Demand General Rule If LF>50%, focus attention on excessive consumption If LF<50%, focus attention on Peak Demand reduction

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

Peak Demand (KW)

❯Electric meters count the amount of KW used

in a time period

❯Typical time period is 15 minutes or 30

minutes

❯The largest consumption per time period is

the Peak Demand

❯There can be a “ratcheted” annual peak

demand, summer peak demand (4CP), and/or a monthly peak demand

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Poor Peak Demand

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Peak Demand

Demand Limiting

❯The practice of limiting or reducing the peak demand each day ❯Typically performed with a BAS system turning off extraneous

equipment, or diverting non-essential usage to non-peak hours of the day (e.g. thermal storage)

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Demand Limiting

Demand Limiting Ideas

❯Don’t run heavy loads from 1 pm – 7 pm

• Instead use them at night

› Kilns, computer on wheels, dishwashers, dryers

❯Cycle needed equipment so the entire group does not run in the same

time period

• Groups of RTUs or Split Systems

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Peak Demand of Water Cooled vs. Air Cooled Chillers

What can I do to lower my peak kW demand, lower total consumption, increase the load factor, and lower my electric bill?

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Add VFD’s

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❯Variable Frequency Drive ❯Varies the incoming frequency, in order

to change the motor speed and torque

❯Typically install 1 VFD per motor ❯A VFD can run a motor efficiently ❯It can also soft start motors and lower

the peak kW demand

Savings Example

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❯A 15 Horsepower motor can be reduced

from 60 Hz to 45 Hz

Fan Affinity Law: Where:

HP = horsepower N = speed

𝐼𝑄2 15 = 45 60 3

= 𝐼𝑄2 = 6.38 𝐼𝑄 = 57.8%

Savings!

If pump runs for 1800 hours/year ($0.10 electricity) saves $1,163/year

𝐼𝑄2 𝐼𝑄

1

= 𝑂2 𝑂1

3

Adding VFD’s

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

❯Real World Example

• Added VFD’s to two 50 HP motors and

evaluated the cost savings

❯Saved in a year

• 190,126 kWh from total consumption
• 47 kW from the Peak Demand

TOTAL OF: $18, 326.35

Change Indoor Lighting

❯Change incandescent lamps to fluorescent or LED type to save energy

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A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

4 Foot Lamp T12 = 40W T8 = 32W T5 = 28W Comparable light

• utput for less

wattage of electricity Example Small Building 200 2’ x 4’ Fixtures 4 Lamps each T12 vs T5? 32,000W vs 22,400 W

9,600W

Change Indoor Lighting

❯Fluorescent – Change T12 fluorescent lamps to T8 or T5 lamps, and its

corresponding ballast (starts and drives the lamps)

A c c re d i t e d Tex a s E n e rg y M a n a ge r

9,600W x 270 occupied days/year x 9.5 hours/day = 24,624 kWh 24,624 kWh x 0.085540/kWh =

$2,106.33 savings a year

Change Indoor Lighting

❯So, what does it mean in $$$$$?

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Change Indoor Lighting

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Change Outdoor Lighting to LED

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Add Lighting Controls

❯Occupancy Sensors ❯Lighting control relay panels

Ashley Williams, MCRP & ATEM

❯ Texas Energy Managers Association ❯ Director of Curriculum and Certification ❯ awilliams@texasema.org

questions

e n e r g y m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m : f u n d a m e n t a l s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

Texas Energy Managers Association

❯ www.texasema.org