Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils and Water of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils and Water of an Old Transformer Oil Storage Site in Lagos, Nigeria

• A. A. Adeyiab, B. A. Babalolaa* and O. Osibanjoab

aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria bBasel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and

Technology Transfer for the African Region, Federal Ministry Of Environment-University of Ibadan Linkage Centre for Cleaner Production Technology and Hazardous Waste Management (BCCC-Africa)

E-mail: babafemibabalola@gmail.com; aa.oketola@ui.edu.ng

OUTLINE

Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion Recommendation Reference

INTRODUCTION

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): are a large class of compounds

produced by partial or complete chlorination of biphenyl molecule

Introduction Cont’d

 have formula C12H10-nCln, where n

ranges from 1 to 10

 have 209 congeners with about 130

been identified in commercial products (Neumier, 1998)

Introduction Cont’d

were first synthesized in 1864 (WHO,

1993)

were commercially produced in the

United States in 1929 in response to the electrical industry’s need (Senu et al., 2014)

Introduction Cont’d

 production was banned in the United States

in 1977, due to potential health hazard, such as:

disturbances in the liver, nausea, vomiting jaundice, fatigue and alteration of lipid

metabolism

hormonal changes respiratory tract infection known carcinogen (IARC, 2005).

Introduction Cont’d

International concerns for PCBs are the

potential adverse effects they can have

• n various organisms, including humans,

such as:

endocrine disrupting capacities tendency

to accumulate in living

• rganisms (Zaborski et al., 2011; Zani et

al., 2013).

Introduction Cont’d

PCBs are not produced in Nigeria but its

source has been attributed mainly to the importation and use of transformers and capacitors containing PCB transformer

• ils (Adeyemi, et al., 2009).

Introduction Cont’d

Studies have shown that PCBs are present in

Nigerian environment (Osibanjo, 1994; Fagbote & Olanipekun, 2010). This may be due to:

• poor

handling

• f

damaged electrical equipment

• leakages
• spillage during refilling
• indiscriminate dumping of PCB containing

waste (Bentum, et al., 2012).

Introduction Cont’d

This study therefore investigated and

assessed the extent of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination of soil and groundwater in an old transformer oil storage site in Lagos, Nigeria.

EXPERIMENTAL

• In September, 2013, from the locations

where drums containing old transformer

• il were stored in Transmission Work

Centre located at Akangba, Surulere, Lagos State, 8 topsoil (X1 to X8) and 3 subsoil samples were collected.

Fig 1: Picture of Akangba Transmission Work Centre

Experimental Cont’d

• For the subsoil samples, borehole was drilled

from 0 m to 1.8 m.

• Soil samples were collected within the

central part of a 1.5 m split-core.

Fig 2: Soil sample collection

Experimental Cont’d

• Samples were collected into aluminum foil,

sealed, labeled and placed in an ice chest cooler.

• Samples were transported to the Geo

Environmental Research Centre Laboratory, BCCC-Africa, University of Ibadan for analysis.

Experimental Cont’d

• 30 g of the soil was extracted with 50 mL
• f hexane- acetone mixture (1:1 v/v) in

ultrasonic bath for 3 minutes (EPA 3550).

• Extract was cleaned up by column

chromatography using silica gel and hexane as eluting solvent.

Experimental Cont’d

• Extracts were analyzed for PCBs using

Agilent 7890A GC coupled with 5975 MSD.

• Samples were analysed in duplicate with

blank determination.

Experimental Cont’d

• Water samples were collected from

monitoring wells into 500 mL amber glass bottles

• Preserved with 1 mL concentrated HCl
• Bottles sealed, labeled, placed in an ice

chest cooler and transported to the laboratory.

Experimental Cont’d

• 200 mL of the water sample was extracted

with 10 mL of dichloromethane in separating funnel (EPA 3510).

• Extract was cleaned up and analyzed for

PCBs using Agilent 7890A GC coupled with 5975 MSD.

• Samples were analysed in duplicate with

blank determination.

RESULT S AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 4 and 5 summarize the analytical

results of the mean of the total PCBs concentrations in the soil samples

The results were compared to the Alberta

Environmental AENV (2009, 2014) standard for industrial soil of 33 mg/kg.

Fig 4. Top soil Means Conc. of the Total PCBs

20 40 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8

PCBs concentration (mg/kg)

Top soil sampling point

Mean of total PCBs AENV standard (33 mg/kg)

Fig 5. Subsoil Means Conc. of the Total PCBs

10 20 30 40

0-0.5 m 0.5-0.84 m 0.84-1.8 m

PCBs concentration (mg/kg) Sub soil sampling point

Mean of total PCBs AENV standard (33 mg/kg)

Results and Discussion Cont’d

All

samples collected have PCBs concentrations that were lower than AENV (2009, 2014) standard for industrial soil except point X3 that was fairly higher (Fig.4).

Results and Discussion Cont’d

The

means

• f

the total PCBs concentrations in the groundwater samples were compared to the AENV (2009, 2014) standard for industrial groundwater of 0.0094 mg/L (Fig.6).

PCBs

concentrations exceeded the maximum contaminated limit for groundwater.

Fig 6. Water Means Conc. of the Total PCBs

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 P1 P2 PCBs concentration (mg/L) Water sampling well Mean of total PCBs AENV standard (0.0094 mg/L)

CONCLUSION

Total PCB concentrations in soil range from

1.00 mg/kg to 39.0 mg/kg

Total PCBs in water samples range from 0.13

mg/L to 0.35 mg/L.

Using AENV (2009, 2014) standard for

industrial soil (33 mg/kg) and groundwater (0.0094 mg/L), PCBs contamination found in soil samples at point X3 and in the two monitoring well can be attributed to PCB- containing transformer oil stored at the site.

RECOMMENDATION

Sampling and analysis of the boreholes

and wells in the immediate area of the study site should be carried

• ut

systematically.

REFERENCE Adeyemi, D., Ukpo, G., Anyakora, C., Uyimadu, J. 2009. Polychlorinated biphenyl in fish samples from Lagos Lagoon,

• Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (12), 2811-2815

AENV (Alberta Environment), 2009. Alberta Tier 1 Soil and Groundwater Remediation and Guidelines. AENV (Alberta Environment), 2014. Alberta Tier 1 Soil and Groundwater Remediation and Guidelines. Bentum, J. K., Dodoo, D. K. and Kwakye, P. K. 2012. Accumulation of Metals and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils around Electric Transformers in the Central Region of Ghana. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (2):634-643 Crine, Jean-Pierre. 1988. Hazards, decontamination, and replacement of PCB. A comprehensive guide. Environmental Science

• Research. Vol. 37. Plenum Press, New York

Fagbote, E. O and Olanipekun, E. O. 2010. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment of bitumen deposit impacted area. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 561-570.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2005. Preamble to the IARC Monographs. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Neumier, G. 1998. The technical life cycle of PCBs. Sub regional Awareness raising workshop on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), presented in Kranjska Gora, Slovenia. Osibanjo O. 1994. Review of chlorinated hydrocarbon substances in African aquatic environment. FAO. fish Rep., 502: 37-45. Senu J. K., Fianko, J. R., Adu-Kumi, S., Pwamang, J. A. Serfoh-Armah, Y. Buah- Kwofie, A. Amoako, D. 2014. Contaminated Site Investigation for Total PCBs in Four Temporary Transformer Storage Sites in Ghana. The International Journal Of Science & Technoledge. 2

• WHO. 1993. Environmental Health Criteria 140: Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls. Second Edition.

WHO, Geneva

Zaborski, A.; Carroll, J.; Pazdro, K and J. Pemkowiak. 2011. Spatio-temporal patterns of PAHs and PCBs and HCBs in sediments of the Western Barents Sea. Oceanologia Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 1005 – 1026. Zani, C., Toninelli, G., Filisetti, B. And Donato, F. 2013 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Cancer: An Epidemiological Assessment, Journal

• f

Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 31:2, 99-144, DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.782174