Anatomy of a Scientific Paper Faheem Guirgis, MD Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Anatomy of a Scientific Paper Faheem Guirgis, MD Research Essentials 6/2/20 Objectives 1 2 3 4 5 Review the necessary Outline the Discuss the Discuss the role of Outline the peer components of a organization of requirements of each

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Anatomy of a Scientific Paper

Faheem Guirgis, MD

Research Essentials 6/2/20

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Objectives

Review the necessary components of a scientific paper

1

Outline the

  • rganization of

scientific paper content

2

Discuss the requirements of each section

3

Discuss the role of figures and tables in emphasizing and displaying important research data

4

Outline the peer review process and provide tips for success

5

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“Papers have both anatomy and physiology, structure and function.“

Gould JC et al. Writing well: lowering the barriers to success. Nature

  • Immunology. Vol 15, No. 8, August 2014.
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Why do we writ ite?

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Scientific writing for clinicians is problematic

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Writing is difficult

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Exercise your writing skills

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Before you get started

Why do I want to publish? Is my work publishable?

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Before you get started

Decide what type of manuscript to write

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Before you get started

Pick a Journal

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Before you get started

Review journal requirements in the guide for authors

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Before you get started

Pay attention to the structure of the paper

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Before you get started

Understand publication ethics to avoid violations.

www.publicationethics.org

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Where do I start?

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IMRAD

Basic Structure

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Basic Structure

Section Pages Paragraphs Words Introduction 1-1.5 3-4 300-600 Methods 2-3 6-9 750 Results 3 4-9 1000 Discussion 3-4 6-7 1000-1500

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Organize Your Writing

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Tables/Figures Methods Results

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Tables and Figures

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Tables and Figures

Appropriate title Make the table legends and captions clear and concise Define all abbreviations Use proper units for numeric data Indicate which statistical tests were used when appropriate

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Table 1. Population Characteristics Figure 1. Graph with main findings Table 2. Univariate findings Table 3. Multivariate findings

Tables and Figures

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Figures

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Kumar et

  • al. Crit

Care Med 2006 Vol. 34, No. 6

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LeCun Y, et al. Deep Learning. Nature volume 521, p. 436– 444 (2015).

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Figure Tips

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Use the right kind of chart

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Methods

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Methods

Study Setting/Design Study Patients In Interventions (i (if f applicable) Data Coll llection Outcomes Statistical Methods

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In Interv rventions

Consent Randomization Blin lindin ing Drug admin inistration Assessments (blo lood draws, , surveys, , physical l exam fin indin ings)

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Data collection

What data was coll llected, how, , by whom? Data management and storage Adju judic icatio ion/Vali lidatio ion Agreement (Kappa or r % agreement)

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Outcomes

Pri rimary ry Outcome = e.g., , survival, pain in score, peak fl flow im improvement for asthma Secondary ry Outcomes = e.g., hospital le length of f stay, IC ICU le length of f stay, 28-day mortality, tim ime to dis ischarge

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Stats Methods

Sample le Siz ize and Power Analyt lytic pla lan, , univ ivariate testing, g, mult ltiv ivariate testin ing Software used

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Results

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Data vs. . Results

Data Results

Are the facts obtained from experiments or

  • bservations

The meaning and interpretation of data Can be presented as raw, summarized or transformed Statements that explain or summarize what the data show Rarely stand alone May have a direction (positive or negative) or magnitude (10% increase) May contain statistical significance (p-value) E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was 180 mg/dL in DM pts, and 95 mg/dL in non-DM E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in type 1 DM patients compared to non-DM patients (180 (20) vs 95 (5), p = 0.03).

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Data vs. . Results

Data Results

Are the facts obtained from experiments or

  • bservations

The meaning and interpretation of data Can be presented as raw, summarized or transformed Statements that explain or summarize what the data show Rarely stand alone May have a direction (positive or negative) or magnitude (10% increase) May contain statistical significance (p-value) E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was 180 mg/dL in DM pts, and 95 mg/dL in non-DM E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in type 1 DM patients compared to non-DM patients (180 (20) vs 95 (5), p = 0.03).

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Data vs. . Results

Data Results

Are the facts obtained from experiments or

  • bservations

The meaning and interpretation of data Can be presented as raw, summarized or transformed Statements that explain or summarize what the data show Rarely stand alone May have a direction (positive or negative) or magnitude (10% increase) May contain statistical significance (p-value) E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was 180 mg/dL in DM pts, and 95 mg/dL in non-DM E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in type 1 DM patients compared to non-DM patients (180 (20) vs 95 (5), p = 0.03).

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Data vs. . Results

Data Results

Are the facts obtained from experiments or

  • bservations

The meaning and interpretation of data Can be presented as raw, summarized or transformed Statements that explain or summarize what the data show Rarely stand alone May have a direction (positive or negative) or magnitude (10% increase) No tests of significance May contain statistical significance (p-value) E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was 180 mg/dL in DM pts, and 95 mg/dL in non-DM E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in type 1 DM patients compared to non-DM patients (180 (20) vs 95 (5), p = 0.03).

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Data vs. . Results

Data Results

Are the facts obtained from experiments or

  • bservations

The meaning and interpretation of data Can be presented as raw, summarized or transformed Statements that explain or summarize what the data show Rarely stand alone May have a direction (positive or negative) or magnitude (10% increase) No tests of significance May contain statistical significance (p-value) E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was 180 mg/dL in DM pts, and 95 mg/dL in non-DM E.g. mean fasting blood glucose was higher in type 1 DM patients compared to non-DM patients (180 (20) vs 95 (5), p = 0.03).

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Result lts

Result lts should be presented in in a lo logical manner “General to specific” is the most common format for clin linic ical l studie ies Univ ivariate foll llowed by y mult ltiv ivariate result lts

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Results

Exa xample P1: Study partic icipants, general descriptors P2: Univ ivaria iate results for control group, followed by y exp xperimental l group P3: Paragraph on im important fig igure 1 or table le P4: Mult ltivaria iate results P5: Secondary pertin inent fin indin ings

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There were 30% of patie ients who had DM (30/100), , 22% who had COPD, , 15% who had hyperlipidemia… The most common comorbid condit ition was DM, , foll llowed by y COPD, , and hyperlip ipid idemia (Table 1)

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Pri rimary Outcome The mean SOFA score fr from baseline to 96 hours decreased fr from 11 to 6 (5 (5 points) ) in in th the experimental group and fr from 10 to 7 (3 (3 points) ) in in th the pla lacebo group (d (dif ifference, 2; 95% CI, I, 1 to 3; P P = .2 .20). ). (T (Table 2)

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Results Use subheadings to keep results of f the same type together

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Results Interpret but don’t make in inferences about your results Don’t include references

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Results

Use supplemental fi figures and tables to present secondary ry data Don’t attempt to hide data

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Discussion

The main function of the discussion section is to answer the research question and to use the results for supporting the answer

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Discussion

The purpose of a discussion is to relate the results observed with facts, interpret their meaning, justify their importance and contributions to current scientific literature, and provide specific suggestions for future research

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Discussion

P1: Summarize the key findings of the study. Directly answer the questions presented in the Intro. P2: Interpret the results. State study importance and how it adds to the literature P3: Compare and contrast to other studies in the field P4: Discuss secondary pertinent findings P5: Study Limitations

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Conclusion

Summarizes and focuses on the main question addressed in the study and links it to the objectives Short paragraph (3-5 sentences)

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Conclusion

Must be supported by data

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Conclusion

Strong, clear, concise

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Conclusion

Clearly state whether the findings support the hypothesis or not

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Introduction

Summary of relevant literature and background knowledge

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Introduction

Highlight the gap of knowledge

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Introduction

States the research question or hypothesis and defines the

  • bjectives of the study
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Introduction

Describes the methodological approach used to fill in the gap and respond to the question

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Abstract

Background/Objective, Methods Results, Conclusion Grab the reader’s attention with the first statement Limited to the most important information

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The Title

Simple Specific Not overly technical Concise

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Final pieces

Keywords for indexing Acknowledgements References

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Peer Review

Always be polite Make it easy for both editors and reviewers Acceptable to include additional data or references that strengthen your argument

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Top Tips

Follow the length recommendations Avoid turning your Intro into a review article Have a clear scientific question Work on tables and figures first Be true to your data in results/discussion Don’t try to milk two papers out of one Practice writing Have others proof-read your work and provide feedback Review for a journal

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References

Borja A. 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously. Elsevier

  • Connect. June 24, 2014.

Borja A. 6 things to do before writing your manuscript. Elsevier Connect. May 12, 2014. Gould JC, et al. Writing well: Lowering the barriers to success. Nature Immunology. Vol 15, No. 8, August 2014. Bahadoran Z, et al. The Principles of Biomedical Scientific Writing: Introduction. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 16 (4) e84795. Ghasemi A, et al. The Principles of Biomedical Scientific Writing: Methods. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 17(1):e88155. Bahadoran Z, et al. The Principles of Biomedical Scientific Writing: Results. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019 April; 17(2):e92113. Ghasemi A, et al. The Principles of Biomedical Scientific Writing: Discussion. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019 July; 17(3):e95415.

Faheem.Guirgis@jax.ufl.edu

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