[PPT] - Advancements of the U.S. Egg Industry from 1960 to 2010: PowerPoint Presentation

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Advancements of the U.S. Egg Industry from 1960 to 2010: Productivity, Resource Utilization, and Environmental Footprint

Hongwei Xin1,2, Nathan Pelletier3, Maro Ibarburu1,2

1 Egg Industry Center; 2 Iowa State University 3 Consultant, Canada

A Presentation to GRA on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases

11 September 2015, Ames, Iowa

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U.S. & Iowa Egg Industry

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 U.S. human population: 319 M (2014)  U.S. laying hens: 305 M (March 2015), 270 M (June 2015) due to AI outbreak  U.S. eggs production: 87 B/yr  Per-capita egg consumption: 263 eggs/yr

69% shell eggs & 31% processed eggs

 94% of eggs produced in conventional cage housing systems  Iowa laying hens: 59/34.3 M (Mar/Jun’15)  Iowa eggs production: 16.3 B/yr (2014)

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Presentation Outline

I. Rationale, Objectives, Methodology and Results of the “50-year Study” II. Drivers responsible for the observed changes in environmental footprints

III. Opportunities for further improvement
IV. Summary
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I. Rationale, Objectives,

Methodology and Results

f the “50-year Study”
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Rationale

Remarkable advancements made in the U.S.

egg production

No assessment of environmental footprint

affected by such advancements

Environmental sustainability is of increasing

socio-economic importance.

An evaluation is warranted.
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Objectives

1. Compare 1960 and 2010 U.S. egg production

traits, i.e., HDEP, feed efficiency, pullet and hen BW, mortality, and water use.

2. Characterize supply chain GHG, acidifying and

eutrophying emissions, and energy demand for U.S. egg industry in both periods.

3. Quantify environmental footprint progress

arising from technological advancements over the past 50 years.

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Production Systems Compared

Source: “Keeping Chickens in Cages” (by Hartman)

2010 Egg Production vs. 1960 Egg Production

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Environmental Footprint Indicators

Global Warming Potential (GWP): a relative measure
f heat trapped by a GHG as compared to CO2 in the

atmosphere, expressed in CO2-eq.

Acidifying emissions (acidification): Emissions (e.g.,

NOx, SO2, NH3) or processes that cause decreased pH in ecological systems (soil/water), in SO2-eq.

Eutrophying emissions (eutrophication): Introduction
f artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and

phosphates, to aquatic systems (e.g., hypoxia – causing increased growth of algae), in PO4-eq.

Cumulative Energy Demand (CED): life-cycle energy

needs for production of a good or service, in MJ

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Methodology: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Protocols

Life-cycle environmental impacts calculated

using ISO-compliant LCA methodology and internationally-endorsed methods.

Cradle-to-facility gate system boundaries (i.e.,

all direct and indirect supply chain inputs and emissions).

Impact results examined to identify supply

chain “hot spots” and opportunities for footprint mitigation.

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Methodology – LCA Elements

Fertilizers Pesticides Energy Carriers Transport Modes Livestock Production Livestock Processing and Rendering

Ton of Feed Ton of Feed Pullet Baby chick

Hatchery Chick Production

Manure Nutrients

Crop Processing Feed Milling Crop Production Salt, Limestone, Etc Corn, Soybean, Wheat, Etc Production Manure Management Egg Production Pullet Production

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Methodology – Input Data to Models

Data for 1960 models collected from books,

publications, and communication with industry and academic experts.

USDA NASS publications, University extension

pubs, IPCC reference, & peer-reviewed articles.

Data for 2010 models collected via anonymous

surveys with egg companies.

– 57.1 million pullets – 92.5 million laying hens

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Methodology – Data Collected

1) Production performance: hen-day egg production, feed use, egg weight, mortality rate, feed efficiency, BW of pullets at transfer to laying house, etc. 2) Manure production, composition and use 3) Feedstuffs production 4) Fertilizer production 5) Energy use: gasoline, diesel, electricity 6) Water use 7) Transportation: distance and modes 8) Other materials used (plastic, paper, etc.)

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Pullet Production: 2010 vs. 1960

10.2 11.7 1.7 5.3 3.5 1.2

2 4 6 8 10 12 Feed consumed (kg) Mortality rate (%) Body weight (kg/bird) Year 1960 Year 2010 48%↓ 70%↓

30%↓

Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Layer/Egg Production: 2010 vs. 1960

59.2 15.8 75.3 6.7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Egg production (eggs/100 layers/day) Mortality rate (% per year) Layers 1960 Layers 2010

27%↑ 57%↓

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Layer/Egg Production: 2010 vs. 1960

12.23 2.48 3.41 9.03 1.45 1.98

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Feed consumption (kg/100 layers/day) Feed conversion (kg feed/dozen) Feed conversion (kg feed/kg eggs)

Layers 1960 Layers 2010

26%↓ 42%↓

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Layer/Egg Production: 2010 vs. 1960

89.7 149.5 77.7 101.7 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Water use (liters/layer/year) Water use (liters/case) Layers 1960 Layers 2010 13%↓ 32%↓

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Footprint per Tonne of Egg Production: 2010 vs. 1960

200 70 70 20 50 100 150 200 Acidification (kg SO2 eq) Eutrophication (kg PO4 eq) Eggs 1960 Eggs 2010

65%↓ 71%↓

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Footprint per Tonne of Egg Production: 2010 vs. 1960

7.2 17.7 2.1 12.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 GWP (1,000 kg CO2 eq) CED (MJ) Eggs 1960 Eggs 2010

71%↓ 31%↓

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

 Environmental footprints of GHG, acidification and eutrophication emissions per kg egg output in 2010 are one-third or less of those in 1960. The reductions are equivalent to:

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5.2 million cars

ff the road

(25 million less metric ton CO2-e) Closure of ~59 U.S. coal plants (606,840 less metric ton SO2) 100 million 50-lb bags (10-10-10)

f lawn fertilizer

(233,400 less metric ton PO4)

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Compared to 1960 hens, 2010 hens have

32% lower water use, equivalent to annual water

savings of

Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

~ 3,700 Olympic swimming pools ~9.3 million m3 or ~2.5 billion gallons per year

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Additional resources needed using 1960 technology to produce eggs for 2010:

27% (78 million) more hens
72% (1.3 million acre) more land for corn
72% (1.8 million acre) more land for soybean

Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

2.3 million football fields 3.1 million acres or 1.25 million hectares of land

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While supplying 30% more eggs in 2010, the total environmental footprints are 54% to 63% lower than in 1960 except for CED that is 10% less. Manure management and feed efficiency are the primary “hot spots” for reducing footprint.

Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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Relative Footprint Contributions

f Egg Production Components

34.4% 40.1% 71.2% 71.4% 6.1% 17.0% 54.7% 51.1% 13.9% 9.8% 8.9% 8.9% 11.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Acidification Eutrophication GWP CED Pullets Manure Mgmt Energy Inputs Layer Feed

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Key Findings of 50-Yr Study

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II. Drivers Responsible for the

Observed Changes

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Drivers for the Resultant Changes

1. Background systems
crop yields, energy carriers, fertilizer,

transport modes, etc.

2. Feed composition
3. Animal performance
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y = 1.8276x - 3520.9 R² = 0.9499 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1910 1960 2010 Yield (bushels/acre) Year

Corn Yield Trend

179% increase

Changes in Background System: Corn Yield

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Source: USDA NASS

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Changes in Background System: Soybean Yield

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y = 0.3471x - 656.57 R² = 0.9474 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1910 1960 2010 Yield (bushels/acre) Year

Soybeans Yield Trend

85% increase Source: USDA NASS

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Changes in Animal Performance: Pullets

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10.2 11.7 1.7 5.3 3.5 1.2

2 4 6 8 10 12 Feed consumed (kg) Mortality rate (%) Body weight (kg/bird) Year 1960 Year 2010 48%↓ 70%↓

30%↓

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Changes in Animal Performance: Hen Productivity

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y = 0.3188x - 564.81 R² = 0.9671

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 1950 1970 1990 2010

Egg production (eggs/100 layers/day)

Averaging 1.16 extra eggs per hen per year

A hen in 2010 produces 58 extra eggs per year than her counterpart in 1960!

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7,230 5,797 3,526 2,080 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Eggs - 1960 Eggs - 1960 (ˠ) Eggs - 1960 (*) Eggs - 2010 kg CO2-e / tonne

GWP per tonne of eggs

28% background systems Percent of the change due to changes in: 44% feed composition 28% animal performance 100% total

(ˠ) Same background system data (i.e., crop yields, energy carriers, fertilizers, transport modes, etc.) as in 2010 model. (*) Same feed composition and background system data as in 2010 model (i.e., only differences in feed conversion, mortalities, emissions from manure management, etc. are considered).

Partitioning of Drivers for Resultant Changes in GHG Emissions

GHG emissions per tonne of eggs

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(ˠ) Same background system data (i.e., crop yields, energy carriers, fertilizers, transport modes, etc.) as in 2010 model. (*) Same feed composition and background system data as in 2010 model (i.e., only differences in feed conversion, mortalities, emissions from manure management, etc. are considered). 200 165 126 70 50 100 150 200 250 Eggs – 1960 Eggs - 1960 (ˠ) Eggs – 1960 (*) Eggs – 2010 kg SO2-e / tonne

Acidification per tonne of eggs

27% background systems Percent of the change due to changes in: 30% feed composition 43% animal performance 100% total

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Partitioning of Drivers for Resultant Changes in Acidifying Emissions

Acidifying emissions per tonne of eggs

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70 55 38 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Eggs - 1960 Eggs - 1960 (ˠ) Eggs - 1960 (*) Eggs - 2010 kg PO4-e / tonne

Eutrophication per tonne of eggs

30% background systems Percent of the change due to changes in: 34% feed composition 36% animal performance 100% total

Partitioning of Drivers for Resultant Changes in Eutrophying Emissions

(ˠ) Same background system data (i.e., crop yields, energy carriers, fertilizers, transport modes, etc.) as in 2010 model. (*) Same feed composition and background system data as in 2010 model (i.e., only differences in feed conversion, mortalities, emissions from manure management, etc. are considered).

Eutrophying emissions per tonne of eggs

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III. Opportunities for

Further Improvements

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Relative Contributions of EGG Production Environmental Footprint

34.4% 40.1% 71.2% 71.4% 6.1% 17.0% 54.7% 51.1% 13.9% 9.8% 8.9% 8.9% 11.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Acidification Eutrophication GWP CED Pullets Manure Mgmt Energy Inputs Layer Feed

Manure management and feed efficiency are the primary “hot spots”.
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Further Improvement: Housing & Manure Management – NH3 Emissions of high-rise vs. manure-belt

AU = animal unit = 500 kg body weight

316 38 100 200 300 400 500 600

High-rise Belt

Layer Housing Type

NH3 ER (g/AU-day)

House

Storage

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Further Improvement: U.S. Trend in Hen House Construction

Courtesy of Tom Lippi & Rick VanPuffelen, CTB

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1% lower CP → 11% reduction in NH3 emission

20 40 60 80 100 January February March April May June July August September October November December Month of 2003 NH3 ER (mg/h-bird)

50
40
30
20
10

10 20 30 Temperature (C)

Standard Low Crude Protein T outside

NH3 ER (g/hen-d) Standard Diet LP Diet 0.90 (0.24-1.58) 0.80 (0.19-1.37)

Liang et al. (2005)

Potential Further Improvement: Dietary Modification

NH3 ER (g/hen-d) Control DDGS EcoCal 0.96 (0.05) 0.82 (0.05) 0.58 (0.05) % ↓ 14 (5) 39 (5)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Month of 2007 - 2009 NH3 ER, g hen -1d-1 Control DDGS EcoCal

EcoCal molting Ctrl molting DDGS molting

Li et al. (2012)

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Potential Improvement: Treating Exhaust Air – Vegetative Buffer

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PM reduction: 49±27% (33 d)
NH3 reduction: 46±31% (29 d)
Odor reduction: negligible

Malone et al., (2006) Patterson (2013)

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3-stage scrubber :

Capital cost: $47-$72/pig
Operation cost: $15-$19/yr

Potential Improvement: Treatment of Exhaust Air – Wet Scrubber

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High pressure fogging

at air inlet (~1,000 psi

r ~7,000 kPa)
Retrofitting
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Further Improvement: Better Housing Environment Control

Evaporative cooling pads

at air inlet

New construction
Enhance cooling

efficiency through tunnel ventilation

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Further Improvement: Better Environmental Control – Impact of

Pad-Fan Cooling on Laying-Hen Mortality

Xin, 2013 (unpublished data)

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Hen Mortality vs. Max Indoor Temp

No. of flocks for each daily mean: 51 - 67

Xin, 2013 (unpublished data)

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Hen-Day Egg vs. Indoor Temperature

Xin, 2013 (unpublished data)

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Summary

Egg production in the United States has advanced dramatically over past 50 years.

Environmental footprints for 1 kg egg output in

2010 are 1/3 or less of those in 1960.

The reductions in environmental footprint are attributable to advancements in:

Background systems (27% – 30%)
Feed composition (30% – 44%)
Animal performance (28% – 43%)

Feed efficiency and manure management are the primary areas for further improvements.

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Acknowledgements

American Egg Board, United Egg Allied, U.S.

Poultry and Egg Association, and Egg Industry Center for funding the 50-yr Study.

Participating U.S. egg companies for their

cooperation in providing the essential data.

UEP staff for their support and assistance with

the industry survey.

Mr. Don Bell and Dr. Jim Arthur for their insights

about the 1960 egg production.

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