Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty - PDF document

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting THEME TALK 8 Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty Crops Dr. Erik Runkle Professor of Horticulture Michigan State University THEME TALK 8 Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty Crops Yujin Park Qingwu Meng Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 1

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Light Consists of Three Dimensions Light quantity Light quality Light duration (intensity) (spectrum) (photoperiod) Plant biomass Morphology Flowering Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) UV Blue Gr e e n Re d F ar r e d 1.0 chlorophyll b 0.8 chlorophyll a allophycocyanin Relative value PAR phycoerythrin phycocyanin Beta- 0.6 carotene 0.4 0.2 fucoxanthin 0.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) Adapted from Taiz et al., 2015. Plant Physiology and Development, 6 th ed. Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 2

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Phytochrome Absorption (P R , P FR ) UV Blue Gr e e n Re d F ar r e d 1.0 PPE = Estimated phytochrome 0.8 Relative value photoequilibrium, High R:FR P FR /P R +P FR 0.6 P R P F R 0.4 High PPE 0.2 0.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) P R and P FR from Sager et al., 1988. Trans. ASAE 31:1882-1887. Cryptochrome Absorption (CRY) UV Blue Gr e e n Re d F ar r e d 1.0 0.8 Relative value CRY 0.6 P R P F R 0.4 0.2 0.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) T.I. Baskin and M. Iino, 1987. Photochem. Photobiol. 46:127-136. Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 3

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Target Photoreceptors UV Blue Gr e e n Re d F ar r e d 1.0 0.8 Relative value CRY 0.6 P R P F R 0.4 0.2 0.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) Narrow-Band (LED) Lighting • Growth attributes – Extension growth – Leaf area and thickness – Fresh/dry weight – Rooting • Regulation of flowering • Phytonutrient content • Organoleptic attributes – Taste – Texture – Coloration Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 4

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting B, G, and R on Salvia ‘Vista Red’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 4 weeks under LEDs for 18 h·d -1 at PPFD=160 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 consisting of (%): B 0 G 0 B 0 G 50 B 25 G 25 B 50 G 50 B 50 G 0 B 100 G 0 R 50 HR R 25 HR R 25 HR R 0 HR R 25 HR R 0 HR 50 25 25 0 25 0 B=blue, 446 nm; G=green, 516 nm; R=red, 634 nm; HR=hyper red, 664 nm W, R, R+B on Petunia ‘Wave Blue’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 19 days under LEDs (31 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod with PPFD = 160 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 MW 100 MW 75 +R MW 45 +R MW 25 +R R 85 +B R 40 +G 40 +B 25 55 75 15 20 Leaf area (cm 2 ) 22.7 a 23.2 a 23.7 a 21.9 a 20.4 a 21.9 a B=blue, 451 nm; G=green, 521 nm; R=hyper red, 660 nm; MW=mint white, 552 nm Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 5

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Phytochrome-Mediated Responses • Seed germination and de-etiolation • Shade-avoidance responses – Stem, leaf, and petiole extension – Branching – Flowering • Flowering of photoperiodic crops +FR in a Radiation Spectrum Obje c tive : To investigate the effects adding FR radiation to B+R radiation provided by LEDs on growth and subsequent flowering of ornamental seedlings Hypothe sis 1: Leaf size will increase as the R:FR decreases (as the PPE decreases), increasing light interception and potentially increasing biomass accumulation Hypothe sis 2: Subsequent flowering of long-day plants will be promoted with an FR addition (a PPE decrease) Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 6

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting +FR in a Radiation Spectrum Plant materials Snapdr agon Pe tunia Ge r anium Impatie ns ( Antirrhinum majus ) ( Pe tunia ( Pe largo nium ( I mpatie ns ‘Trailing Candy × hybrida ) × ho rto rum ) walle riana ) Showers Yellow’ ‘Wave Blue’ ‘Pinto Premium ‘Super Elfin XP Orange Bicolor’ Red’ Shade-avoiding Shade-tolerant Long-day Day-neutral +FR in a Radiation Spectrum Experimental protocol Sow Germination 128-cell plug Flower Transplant (3-4 weeks) Finishing (3-8 weeks)  Refrigerated growth chamber  Greenhouse  Temperature: 20 ° C  Temperature: 20 ° C  Photoperiod: 18 hours  Photoperiod: 16 hours Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 7

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting +FR in a Radiation Spectrum Radiation treatments (µmol·m -2 ·s -1 ): 32 + R 32 + R 32 + R 32 + R 32 + R 32 + R B B B B B B 96 64 128 128 128 128 + F + F + F + F + F R R R R R 32 64 16 32 64 View inside each chamber PPFD 160 128 96 160 160 160 YPFD 146 122 96 149 150 157  R:FR 3 1 8 4 2 PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 Yield photon flux density(YPFD): product of radiation intensity and relative quantum efficiency in µmol·m –2 ·s –1 ) based on McCree, 1972 and published by Sager et al., 1988. R:FR: ratio of photon flux integral of R (600-700 nm) and FR (700-800 nm) radiation. Phytochrome photoequilibria (PPE): estimated P FR /P R+FR following Sager et al.,1988. Impatiens ‘ Super Elfin XP Red’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 25 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R 64 128 128 128 96 B 32 +R 128 +F R +F R +F R +F R +F R 64 16 32 64 32 Estimated PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 2.1 bc 2.4 b 3.2 a 2.0 c 2.3 bc 2.3 bc Plant height (cm) Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 8

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Snapdragon ‘Trailing Candy Showers Yellow’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 26 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R 64 128 128 128 96 B 32 +R 128 +F R +F R +F R +F R +F R 64 16 32 64 32 Estimated PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 5.6 c 7.7 b 8.6 a 7.1 b 7.1 b 7.8 b Plant height (cm) Growth Responses: Snapdragon Growth of Seedlings Snapdragon 12 y = 21.1 - 17.0x (R 2 = 0.67***) 10 Height (cm) 8 6 FR substitution 4 FR addition 2 B 32 +R 128 0 y = 45.2 - 33.6x Leaf area (cm 2 ) 25 (R 2 = 0.39***) 20 c e ption × photosynthe sis c e ption × photosynthe sis 15 DW = light inte r DW = light inte r 10 5 0 Dry shoot weight (g) 0.15 y= 0.4 - 0.4x L e af (R 2 = 0.35***) DW PPF D YPF D ar e a R 2 = NS 0.10 F R add. + + No + 0.05     F R sub. No ++ 0.00 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 Estimated PPE Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 9

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Growth Responses: Four Crops Growth vs. Yield Photon Flux Regression Species R 2 equation per unit leaf area (g/m 2 ) 80 Impatiens y = − 5.7 + 0.5x 0.29*** Dry shoot weight Snapdragon y = − 1.9 + 0.4x 0.38*** 60 Geranium y = − 3.0 + 0.4x 0.46*** 40 Petunia y = − 10.2 + 0.3x 0.12*** 20 0 0 100 120 140 160 Yield Photon Flux Density (  mol·m -2 ·s -1 ) Snapdragon ‘Trailing Candy Showers Yellow’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 26 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R 64 128 128 128 96 B 32 +R 128 +F R +F R +F R +F R +F R 64 16 32 64 32 Estimated PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 31 a 19 b 21 b 19 b 19 b 18 b Days to flower after transplant Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 10

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Geranium ‘Pinto Premium Orange Bicolor’ Seedlings grown at 20 ° C for 22 days under LEDs (29 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R B 32 +R 64 128 128 128 96 B 32 +R 128 +F R +F R +F R +F R +F R 64 16 32 64 32 Estimated PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 56 a 55 a 55 a 55 a 54 a 54 a Days to flower after transplant B, R, and FR on Lettuce B 30 R B 30 R R B 90 R B 90 R B 150 150 180 90 90 180 F R F R F R F R 30 30 30 30 210 30 30 30 30 180 Photon flux density (µmol · m − 2 · s − 1 ) 150 90 90 120 150 150 90 180 180 60 90 90 30 30 30 0 PPFD(B+R) = 180 µmol · m − 2 · s − 1 Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 11

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting B, R, and FR on Lettuce B 30 R B 30 R R B 90 R B 90 R B 150 150 180 90 90 180 F R F R F R F R 30 30 30 30 12 a a 10 e af le ngth (c m) bc b b 8 c b c d 6 d e e 4 L 2 0 Rex Cherokee B, R, and FR on Lettuce B 30 R B 30 R R B 90 R B 90 R B 150 150 180 90 90 180 F R F R F R F R 30 30 30 30 0.06 a a ab ab ab bc b 0.05 y we ight (g) cd d d c c 0.04 0.03 Shoot dr 0.02 0.01 0.00 Rex Cherokee Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 12