Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty [PDF]

SLIDE 1

Dr. Erik Runkle

Professor of Horticulture Michigan State University

THEME TALK 8

Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty Crops

THEME TALK 8

Adding Far-red Radiation to Sole- source Lighting for Specialty Crops

Qingwu Meng Yujin Park 5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 1

SLIDE 2

Light Consists of Three Dimensions

Light quantity (intensity) Light quality (spectrum) Light duration (photoperiod) Plant biomass Morphology Flowering Wavelength (nm)

300 400 500 600 700 800

Relative value

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)

PAR

Blue UV Re d Gr e e n F ar r e d chlorophyll b chlorophyll a Beta- carotene fucoxanthin phycoerythrin phycocyanin allophycocyanin

Adapted from Taiz et al., 2015. Plant Physiology and Development, 6th ed.

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 2

SLIDE 3

Wavelength (nm)

300 400 500 600 700 800

Relative value

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Blue UV Re d Gr e e n F ar r e d

P

F R

P

R

Phytochrome Absorption (PR, PFR)

PPE = Estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium, PFR/PR+PFR

High R:FR High PPE

PR and PFR from Sager et al., 1988. Trans. ASAE 31:1882-1887.

Wavelength (nm)

300 400 500 600 700 800

Relative value

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Cryptochrome Absorption (CRY)

Blue UV Re d Gr e e n F ar r e d

P

F R

P

R

CRY

T.I. Baskin and M. Iino, 1987. Photochem. Photobiol. 46:127-136.

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 3

SLIDE 4

Wavelength (nm)

300 400 500 600 700 800

Relative value

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Target Photoreceptors

Blue UV Re d Gr e e n F ar r e d

P

F R

P

R

CRY

Narrow-Band (LED) Lighting

Growth attributes

– Extension growth – Leaf area and thickness – Fresh/dry weight – Rooting

Regulation of flowering
Phytonutrient content
Organoleptic attributes

– Taste – Texture – Coloration

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 4

SLIDE 5

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 4 weeks under LEDs for 18 h·d-1 at PPFD=160 µmol·m-2·s-1 consisting of (%):

B=blue, 446 nm; G=green, 516 nm; R=red, 634 nm; HR=hyper red, 664 nm

B

0G 0

R

50HR 50

B

0G 50

R

25HR 25

B

25G 25

R

25HR 25

B

50G 50

R

0HR

B

50G 0

R

25HR 25

B

100G 0

R

0HR

B, G, and R on Salvia ‘Vista Red’

MW100 MW75+R

25

MW45+R

55

MW25+R

75

R

85+B 15

R

40+G 40+B 20

Leaf area (cm2) 22.7 a 23.2 a 23.7 a 21.9 a 20.4 a 21.9 a

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 19 days under LEDs (31 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod with PPFD = 160 µmol·m-2·s-1

W, R, R+B on Petunia ‘Wave Blue’

B=blue, 451 nm; G=green, 521 nm; R=hyper red, 660 nm; MW=mint white, 552 nm

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 5

SLIDE 6

Phytochrome-Mediated Responses

Seed germination and de-etiolation
Shade-avoidance responses

– Stem, leaf, and petiole extension – Branching – Flowering

Flowering of photoperiodic crops

+FR in a Radiation Spectrum

Obje c tive : To investigate the effects adding FR radiation to

B+R radiation provided by LEDs on growth and subsequent flowering of ornamental seedlings

Hypothe sis 1: Leaf size will increase as the R:FR decreases (as

the PPE decreases), increasing light interception and potentially increasing biomass accumulation

Hypothe sis 2: Subsequent flowering of long-day plants will

be promoted with an FR addition (a PPE decrease)

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 6

SLIDE 7

+FR in a Radiation Spectrum

Plant materials

Ge r anium (Pe largo nium ×ho rto rum) ‘Pinto Premium Orange Bicolor’ Pe tunia (Pe tunia ×hybrida) ‘Wave Blue’ Impatie ns (I mpatie ns walle riana) ‘Super Elfin XP Red’ Snapdr agon (Antirrhinum majus) ‘Trailing Candy Showers Yellow’

Long-day Day-neutral Shade-avoiding Shade-tolerant

+FR in a Radiation Spectrum

Germination Sow 128-cell plug Flower

Transplant (3-4 weeks)

Refrigerated growth chamber
Temperature: 20 °C
Photoperiod: 18 hours

Finishing (3-8 weeks)

Greenhouse
Temperature: 20 °C
Photoperiod: 16 hours

Experimental protocol

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 7

SLIDE 8

+FR in a Radiation Spectrum

PPFD 160 128 96 160 160 160 YPFD 146 122 96 149 150 157 R:FR



3 1 8 4 2 PPE 0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78

View inside each chamber

Yield photon flux density(YPFD): product of radiation intensity and relative quantum efficiency in µmol·m–2·s–1) based on McCree, 1972 and published by Sager et al., 1988. R:FR: ratio of photon flux integral of R (600-700 nm) and FR (700-800 nm) radiation. Phytochrome photoequilibria (PPE): estimated PFR/PR+FR following Sager et al.,1988. B

32+R 128

B

32+R 96

+F

R

32

B

32+R 64

+F

R

64

B

32+R 128

+F

R

16

B

32+R 128

+F

R

32

B

32+R 128

+F

R

64

Radiation treatments (µmol·m-2·s-1): Impatiens ‘Super Elfin XP Red’

B

32+R 128

B

32+R 96

+F R

32

B

32+R 64

+F R

64

B

32+R 128

+F R

16

B

32+R 128

+F R

32

B

32+R 128

+F R

64

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 25 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod Plant height (cm) 2.1 bc 2.4 b 3.2 a 2.0 c 2.3 bc 2.3 bc

0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 Estimated PPE 5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 8

SLIDE 9

Snapdragon ‘Trailing Candy Showers Yellow’

0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 Estimated PPE B

32+R 128

B

32+R 96

+F R

32

B

32+R 64

+F R

64

B

32+R 128

+F R

16

B

32+R 128

+F R

32

B

32+R 128

+F R

64

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 26 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod Plant height (cm) 5.6 c 7.7 b 8.6 a 7.1 b 7.1 b 7.8 b

Growth of Seedlings

y= 0.4 - 0.4x (R2 = 0.35***)

Leaf area (cm2)

5 10 15 20 25

Height (cm)

2 4 6 8 10 12

FR substitution FR addition B32+R128

y = 21.1 - 17.0x (R2 = 0.67***) y = 45.2 - 33.6x (R2 = 0.39***) R2 = NS

Estimated PPE

0.0 0.7 0.8 0.9

Dry shoot weight (g)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Snapdragon

DW L e af ar e a PPF D YPF D F R add. + + No + F R sub. No ++

   

Growth Responses: Snapdragon

DW = light inte r c e ption × photosynthe sis DW = light inte r c e ption × photosynthe sis

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 9

SLIDE 10

Growth vs. Yield Photon Flux

100 120 140 160 20 40 60 80 Dry shoot weight per unit leaf area (g/m2) Yield Photon Flux Density (mol·m-2·s-1)

Growth Responses: Four Crops

Species Regression equation R2 Impatiens y = −5.7 + 0.5x 0.29*** Snapdragon y = −1.9 + 0.4x 0.38*** Geranium y = −3.0 + 0.4x 0.46*** Petunia y = −10.2 + 0.3x 0.12***

Snapdragon ‘Trailing Candy Showers Yellow’

0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 Estimated PPE B

32+R 128

B

32+R 96

+F R

32

B

32+R 64

+F R

64

B

32+R 128

+F R

16

B

32+R 128

+F R

32

B

32+R 128

+F R

64

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 26 days under LEDs (35 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod Days to flower after transplant 31 a 19 b 21 b 19 b 19 b 18 b

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 10

SLIDE 11

Geranium ‘Pinto Premium Orange Bicolor’

Seedlings grown at 20 °C for 22 days under LEDs (29 days after sow) 18-hour photoperiod

0.88 0.81 0.69 0.85 0.83 0.78 Estimated PPE B

32+R 128

B

32+R 96

+F R

32

B

32+R 64

+F R

64

B

32+R 128

+F R

16

B

32+R 128

+F R

32

B

32+R 128

+F R

64

Days to flower after transplant 56 a 55 a 55 a 55 a 54 a 54 a

B

30R 150

B

30R 150

F R

30

R

180

F R

30

B

90R 90

B

90R 90

F R

30

B

180

F R

30

PPFD(B+R) = 180 µmol·m−2·s−1

30 30 90 90 180 150 150 180 90 90 30 30 30 30

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Photon flux density (µmol·m−2·s−1)

B, R, and FR on Lettuce

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 11

SLIDE 12

B, R, and FR on Lettuce

B

30R 150

B

30R 150

F R

30

R

180

F R

30

B

90R 90

B

90R 90

F R

30

B

180

F R

30

d c a e b b d c a e bc b 2 4 6 8 10 12 L e af le ngth (c m)

Rex Cherokee

bc ab d d a cd b a ab c ab c 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Shoot dr y we ight (g)

Rex Cherokee

B, R, and FR on Lettuce

B

30R 150

B

30R 150

F R

30

R

180

F R

30

B

90R 90

B

90R 90

F R

30

B

180

F R

30

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 12

SLIDE 13

B, R, and FR on Lettuce ‘Cherokee’

B

30R 150

B

30R 150

F R

30

R

180

F R

30

B

90R 90

B

90R 90

F R

30

B

180

F R

30

B, R, and FR on Lettuce ‘Cherokee’

B

30R 150

B

30R 150

F R

30

R

180

F R

30

B

90R 90

B

90R 90

F R

30

B

180

F R

30

−0.15 b −0.20 c −0.20 c −0.07 a −0.16 b −0.16 b

a* value of L ab color space

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 13

SLIDE 14

General Conclusions & Future Studies

Light quality can regulate plant growth and quality

characteristics, a valuable attribute of LEDs – Sole source lighting, much more potential (costs/benefits) – Little to no effect of light quality when supplementing sunlight (exceptions: end of day or intra-canopy lighting)

General Conclusions & Future Studies

FR radiation directly and indirectly promotes whole-

plant photosynthesis, partly by increasing leaf area and thus, radiation capture

Linear relationship with yield photon flux density and

whole-plant photosynthesis

When considering R:FR, need to also consider B

radiation

Current projects

– Interaction of B and R:FR responses – Interaction of PPFD and R:FR responses

5th International Controlled Environment Conference 2016 NCERA-101 Annual Meeting Erik Runkle, Michigan St. Univ. Page 14