Accessibility CS 347 Michael Bernstein Setting the stage 19% of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Accessibility CS 347 Michael Bernstein Setting the stage 19% of the US population is disabled [US Census Bureau 2012] Research targets one or more of many gruops: [Jenny Lay-Flurrie] Visual: colorblind, low vision, blind Hearing: loss, deaf
CS 347 Michael Bernstein
19% of the US population is disabled [US Census Bureau 2012] Research targets one or more of many gruops: [Jenny Lay-Flurrie]
Visual: colorblind, low vision, blind Hearing: loss, deaf Cognitive: dyslexia, seizure, learning disabilities, autism Speech: speech impediment, unable to speak Mobility: arthritis, quadripilegia Neural: bipolar, anxiety, PTSD, depression
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[Abbott et al. 2019]: Thanks to Jingyi Li
Models of accessible design and disability A tour through a few of the domains…
Vision Motor Aging Neurodiversity
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Medical model of disability: the diagnosis is in the individual’s own body.
Implication: something is wrong with their body, and quality of life is reduced
Social model of disability: the diagnosis is with behaviors, attitudes, and barriers erected by society, not with the individual.
Physiological differences may produce variation, but it’s only disability if society cannot make accommodations
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[Wobbrock et al. TOAC 2011]
Stop thinking about “dis”-ability, and think about ability-based
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CHI 2017 talk: https://vimeo.com/218330703
Universal access asserts that our designs should be accessible to anyone who wants to use them.
Typically, this begins with designing for the common user and then developing accessibility hooks However, by designing for extreme users, you benefit everybody. Design from the outside in, not the inside out. [Pullin and Newell UAHCI 2007] Trevinarus calls this the “lawnmower of justice”: cap effort spent on the largest parts of the curve [https://twitter.com/juttatrevira/status/1105196265216897030]
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[Bennett and Rosner 2019]
The design thinking process encourages designers to develop empathy with their users Consider the case of putting on a blindfold for an hour to empathize with blind individuals’ experience However, this can unintentionally distance designers by causing them to rely on their experiences rather than those of the group
How does a blind person’s lived experience differ from the experience
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[Hayes TOCHI 2011]
Action research is the research analogue of participatory design
The goal is a more democratic, shared engagement with those impacted by the research Research participants engage in all levels of the research process Focus is on “local solutions to local problems” [Hayes]
Action research provides a lens for making impact with a community in domains such as accessibility, rather than making impact to a community.
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[Asakawa and Itoh 1998]
The first interface for reading the web out loud Explains: why is it hard to provide audio access to two-dimensional, complex web designs?
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[Kane, Bigham and Wobbrock 2008]
How do blind users interact with touchscreen phones? A “scrubbing”-style interface for voiceover
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[Bigham et al., UIST ’10]
Visual question answering for the blind via Amazon Mechanical Turk 1 to 2 minute responses by keeping workers on hold via old tasks until needed
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[Stangl, Kim and Yeh 2014]
The pictures in picture books remain inaccessible to blind children 3D printing might allow us to make books that convey the contents of the pictures in a tactile channel
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[Patil et al. UIST 2019]
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[Hara, Le, and Froehlich 2013]
Crowdsourced effort to label Google Street view images for accessibility issues
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[Gajos et al. 2008]
Step one: model the user’s motor abilities Step two: customize the user interface to match those abilities
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Y O U R E A D T H I S
[Mott et al. 2016]
Motor impairments cause touchscreens to register false touches So: first capture multiple frames of the user’s gesture, and find the most stable part with few new up/down points. Then, template match to previous gestures’ selected points.
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Intended touch point Unintended touch points, confusing the recognizer
[Hurst and Tobias ASSETS 2011; Hurst and Kane IDC 2013]
Most purchased assistive tools go unused, because they don’t quite fit the needs of the individual Could we empower more end users to tailor their own assistive devices, or those for friends and family?
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Pointers for painting 3D printed right angle spoon
[Lazar, Edasis, and Piper 2017]
Situated in the context of art therapy for sharing and expression
Adults with dementia are often not online and removed from the process of choosing what to share and where: family see online as risky
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Proposal: an interactive art frame that can scan art and recognize tags that the person brings to indicate who can see it: e.g., family, friends, public
There are clearly many different directions this research can go. Here, I will focus on support for autism, as it has driven a large body of research.
Record and track care for people with autism and
[Kientz et al. 2007] Data capture is often difficult: so, lower the bar to capture!
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Y O U R E A D T H I S
[Hayes et al. 2010]
Caregivers often use paper-based visual supports to help communicate with children on the autism spectrum. However, these require large libraries of cards.
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Instead, offer a tablet-based interaction where caregivers can select cards and present the device to the children for selection
Find today’s discussion room at http://hci.st/room