Academic sources and referencing by Dr. Joram Ndlovu Main - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Academic sources and referencing by Dr. Joram Ndlovu Main academic sources Based on scholarly/ original/ primary research or experimentation that has been peer-reviewed Peer reviewed publications (check reputation) Journal
Based on scholarly/ original/ primary
Peer reviewed publications (check
Research reports (establish
Wikipedia and other websites Blogs and social media sites Newspaper articles, newsletters,
Many of these sources may reference or cite academic sources – as a researcher you must search for the original academic source (LIMIT CITATIONS)
Scholarly Non-scholarly Review process Blind peer review following established academic protocols No peer review process Authorship Clear statement of name and affiliation
expertise) Author (person or
not be stated Content/ subject Presentation of original research or ideas supported by evidence More report or narrative based presentation of
Language Specialized discipline-based terminology or concepts in a research field which requires some level of subject specific knowledge General vocabulary used by the public that is more easily understood Target group Researchers, university students, specialists/ expertise General public Referencing Mandatory (all quotes, ideas, facts, etc. from other sources must be referenced in a manner that can be verified and conforms to academic referencing styles) Not required – very unusual to include references
Identify top 5 journals in your
Name top 5 researchers/ authors in
Citing sources in the text
Reference list (not a biography – include
Different styles of referencing
APA Harvard Vancouver
One author: Bob (2005)
Two authors: Bob and Gumede (2005)
More than two authors: Bob et al. (2005)
Context specific Cowan et al. (2003) assert that after Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world. After Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world (Cowan et al., 2003).
More than one citation should be listed alphabetically. Cowan et al. (2003) and DEAT (1996) assert that after Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world. After Indonesia and Brazil, South Africa is said to have the third highest level of biodiversity in the world (Cowan et al., 2003; DEAT, 1996).
If more than one citation of the same author is indicated, the sources should be referred to in chronological order. Sternberg (1985; 1988; 1990)
Internet sources: author details on website (website itself should be in reference list) should be used as above.
Policy documents – cite departments DEAT (1996), DWAF (2001)
Use proper punctuation to integrate a quotation into a sentence. NB: Open and closed quotes are always partners!
If quoting directly from a source, as well as the author’s name and date, you must include the page number, and include quotation marks around the quote if it is short. According to Rogerson (1993: 13), “food production in urban areas is a subsistence activity undertaken by the urban poor and represents a major source of their income”.
Where there is a longer quote, it is better to indent the quoted passage, without quotation marks. As Freeman (1984: 6) succinctly stated: To be an effective strategist you must deal with those groups that can affect you, while to be responsive (and effective in the long run) you must deal with those groups that you can affect.
According to Bob (2005), … As Bob (2005) states,… Bob (2005) asserts, suggests, indicates,
Connectors
Journals Anon., 1943: The roaring coastal winds, South African Panorama, 24 (7), 2-6. Deane, R., 1980: Trapped waves in the atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Research, 56, 1-23.
Books Parker, N.J., Ray, P ., Band, T., Luk, O. and Farr, R., n.d.: Mission Stations of the Eastern Cape, Bantam Press, New York.
Chapters in books Kirby, M.J., 1976: The problem of wind power, in Jones, A.B. (ed.), Estimating Techniques for Climatologists, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 123-129.
Policy/ government documents Department of Agriculture, 1995: White Paper on Agriculture, Government Printer, Pretoria. South Africa (Republic), 1976: Annual Report of the Department of Water Affairs, Government Printer, Pretoria.
Conference proceedings Drescher, A. W., 2001: The transferability of the German allotment system to the Southern African Situation. Proceedings of the Expert Meeting on Urban and Peri-urban Horticulture in Southern Africa, Stellenbosch, January 2001.
Theses Gumede, N.P ., 2006: Women and Technology in Marginalised Rural Communities in KZN, Ph.D. thesis, Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Newspaper articles Salie, I. and Gophe, M., 2005: Field of dreams. Battle of the stadiums as Athlone gets R236m facelift. Weekend Argus: 1, October 22.
Slack, T., 1998: Studying the commercialisation of sport: the need for critical analysis. Sociology of Sport Online, 1. [ Accessed 10 July 2010] URL: http: / / www.brunel.ac.uk/ depts/ sps/ sosol/ html
Matheson, V.A. and Baade, R.A., 2003: Mega-sporting events in developing nations: Playing the way to prosperity? [ Accessed 13 November 2015] URL: http: / / www.williams.edu/ Economic/ neudc/ papers/ matheson Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2005: Farming in urban areas can boost food security: Green the cities through agriculture [ Accessed 1 March 2016] URL: http: / / www.fao.org