Ac Action i in c cities: s: LCS CS-RNet housi sing a g and S SDG DGs i in M Mexi xico 11th An Annual M Meet eeting Rome, 17 October 2019 Nic icola T Tolli llin professo essor ws wsr in U n Urba ban R Resi silien ence Uni niver ersi sity o of S Sout uther ern Denm enmark nt nto@iti.sdu. u.dk dk
INTRODU DUCTI TION
HOUSING AND SDGs IN MEXICO SIX STRATEGIC GUIDELINES https://www.onuhabitat.org.mx/index.php/la-vivienda-en-el-centro-de-los-ods-en-mexico
Bernadette Gordyn Thomas Halligan Carlos Zedillo Velasco Celia Izquierdo Project Coordinator Centro de Investigación para el Christophe Lalande Desarrollo Sostenible CIDS Ana Ruiz Nieves Fernanda Lanardoni Jesús Salcedo Luis Jeremías Diez-Canedo Technical Coordinator Housing Unit UN-Habitat Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada Fernando Aportela y Divulgación de Métodos del CIDS Inês Magalhães Diego Pérez Floreán Nicola Tollin Research Coordinator Emmanuel T. Carballo Gutiérrez Lead Consultants Gerencia de Investigación Aplicada Pierre Arnold y Divulgación de Métodos del CIDS Adrián Moredia Valek Researchers
The report proposes six strategic guidelines, considering housing as a crucial sector to achieve the 2030 Agenda: 1. Promote intraurban social housing 2. Facilitate the access of vulnerable groups to adequate housing 3. Foster social rental of housing 4. Improve deficient urban fabrics 5. Reduce the environmental impact of housing and increase its resilience 6. Optimize housing's life cycle
Significant challenges remain • The persistence of high levels of inadequate housing that in Mexico's housing sector, particularly impact on the most vulnerable groups. related to social exclusion, • A model of formal housing construction based on financing economic inequality and and subsidy schemes for the acquisition of finished housing environmental degradation. units located in disconnected and poorly consolidated peripheral areas. This model favours the process of accelerated low density urban sprawl of Mexican cities during the last decades. • Environmental imbalances generated by the massive construction of housing on agricultural or environmentally sensitive land, as well as an inefficient management of human settlements in the face of natural and climatic hazards
Specific challenges of the The life cycle of housing in Mexico responds to a linear housing sector in Mexico production and consumption model based on the paradigm of “take, make, consume, throw away”. relate to resource and energy use and production This model has significant negative impacts in environmental of negative externalities as terms due to the excessive use of energy, water and raw GHG. materials , the amount of waste resulting from their production processes and the generation of contaminating pollutants released into the air, water and soil. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released into the atmosphere by the production and consumption of housing jeopardize the fulfilment of the commitments on climate change acquired by Mexico in the Paris Agreement. A longer permanence of construction materials and products in the housing life-cycle would contribute to minimize the creation of non-reusable waste and to a sustainable, efficient and low-carbon economy.
Optimizing the life cycle of housing requires a transition Responses to the challenges towards a circular model of production and consumption in of the housing sector in which resources are used more efficiently. Mexico have high potential for a circular transition This effort involves strengthening the inter-institutional collaboration between the different public administration bodies generating multiple co- and the formulation of a normative framework that coordinates benefits actors, laws, norms, standards and building codes related to all the different phases of the life cycle of housing. Likewise, fiscal and financial stimuli are needed to support the transition of the productive processes of the housing industry to more sustainable schemes which optimize the use of materials and reduce the waste of natural and economic resources. It is necessary that the entire construction sector adopt technologies, processes, practices and constructive systems that are appropriate to each bioclimatic region of the country to improve energy efficiency and reduce water consumption, as well as the polluting emissions in both new and existing housing.
ANAL ALYSIS
Mex exico’s c commitment nt for the P he Paris Agr s Agree eement MEXICO AIMS AT A REDUCTION OF 22% GHG BY 2013 AS ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT Reduction of 22% GHG emission by 2030 (2013 baseline) CONSTRUCTION SECTOR BUSINESS AND RESIDENTIAL AS USUAL CONSUMPTION ARE KEY NDC GOAL FOR ACHIVING THIS GOAL
National GHG emissions according to the trend scenario and unconditional Mex exico’s c commitment nt goals of the Paris Agreement, 2020-2030 for the P he Paris Agr s Agree eement Carbon emissions NDC Necessary Baseline (2013) and trend scenario A set of emissions mitigation reduction (%) not conditional actions GHG in specific sectors: Transport Transport; Electricity generation Electricity generation; Residential and commercial Residential and commercial building building; Oil and gas; Oil and gas Industrial; Industrial Agriculture and livestock; Agriculture and Waste; Livestock LULUCF. Waste LULUCF TOTAL EMISSIONS Source: ONU-Habitat, Gobierno de la República (2014)
Net GHG emissions by sector 1996-2016 and emission projection to 2030 No Non-sustaina nabl ble h e hous using ng GHG emissions (Gg CO2eq) product ction m model These trends jeopardizes the scope of the objectives of the Paris Agreement and of the not conditioned NDCs to reduce 22% of GHG emissions compared to Total emissions Total emissions projection Transport Transportation projection the trend scenario Electricity generation Electricity generation projection Residential Residential projection Commercial and institutional Commercial and institutional projection Source: Oil and gas Oil and gas projection ONU-Habitat with Industrial Industrial projection Agriculture and Livestock Agriculture and livestock projection data from INECC Waste Waste projection 1996-2016 Land use and Silviculture LULUCF projection (2017c).
GHG emissions related to the energy, industrial processes and use of No Non-sustaina nabl ble e products, 2015 product ction m model Net emissions (Gg CO2eq)) con onstru ruction s sector or • 137.5 million inhabitants in 2030 in Mexico • 40.1 million homes 1A2a Iron and steel 1A2b Non-ferrous metals 1A2k Construction works 2A1 Cement production 2A2 Lime production 2A3 Glass production 2C1 Iron and steel production Source: ONU-Habitat with data from INECC, 2000-2015 (INECC, 2017c)
No Non-sustaina nabl ble e Net GHG emissions from the residential sector 1996-2016 and emission projection to 2030 con onsumption on m mod odel ho housi using s sec ector GHG emissions (Gg CO2eq) Residential Projection: Residential Source: ONU-Habitat with data from INECC 1996-2016 (2017c).
Between 2006 and 2012 6.1 mil tones of waste were produceced by the construction sector Consum umption p n patterns ns in construc uction a n and d ho housi using s sec ectors i s in n construction sector is the 3rd largest source of waste Mex exico generation Housing sector is responsible for 32% of total GHG emissions Housing sector was responsible in 2013 for 16.2 % of the total energy use in Mexico and of 32% of the total GHG emissions Construction sector increased the energy consumption from 9.8% to 10.4% between 2014 and 2017
RECOMANDATIONS
Circul cular t transi nsition f n for Housing life cycle (production and consumption) housing ng/cons nstruc uction CONSTRUCTION a normative, programmatic and institutional framework TRANSPORT DEMOLITION that stimulates the most efficient use of the resources used in the construction and consumption of housing, while promoting a more sustainable CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION economic dynamic , less PRODUCTION REMODELING polluting and more OF MATERIALS competitive than the linear economy USE RECYCLING intervening both its mode of production and the consumption EXTRACTION of water and energy resources, in order to mitigate GHG emissions and reduce its contribution to climate change Source: UN-Habitat
Regulations and programmes to reduce housing resources consumption • Housing building code • Mexican standard for sustainable building • Green Housing Assessment System • Appropriate National Mitigation Actions • Housing Environmental Evaluation Tool • Green Mortgage
PROPOSAL 11A PR PROMOTE A A MODEL A L A MODEL F L FOR T THE HE S SUSTAINABLE LE PR PRODUCT CTION O OF NEW HO HOUSING ACTION 11A1 INTER ER-IN INSTIT ITUTIO IONAL G GOVERNANCE Stren ength then en i institutional go governance to e to p promote t e the transition o of c constructi tion a and h housing s sector to toward circular e economy a. Establish a new institutional organization with specific mandate for the promotion of a a national program for supporting the sustainable production of new housing through its the entire life cycle. b. Define a normative framework for promoting the implementation of circular economy principles in housing and construction sectors .
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