ABOUT COAL Indian coal is of mostly sub bituminous rank followed by - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ABOUT COAL

— Indian coal is of mostly sub bituminous rank

followed by bituminous and lignite (brown coal).

— The ash content in Indian coal ranges from

35% to 50%.

SOURCES OF FLY ASH

v Fly Ash means the ash generated from all coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plants ØBottom ash ØAsh Pond & Mound Ash ØAir Pollution Control Equipment such as Electrostatic Precipitator(ESP) Ash, Bag Filter or Dry ash

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH

— Fly ash mainly consists of the followings

• 1. Oxides of silica
• 2. Aluminum
• 3. Iron and calcium
• 4. Trace
• f

elements (arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, chromium VI, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum etc. )

CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH

— According to IS 3812-1981, there are two

grades

vGrade I fly ash, which are derived from

bituminous coal having fractions SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 greater than 70 %.

vGrade II Fly ash, which are derived from

lignite coal having fractions SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 greater than 50 %.

CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH

— ASTM C618 specified two categories of fly

ash, based on type of coal and chemical properties.

v Class C

• Fly ash produced from the burning of

younger lignite or sub-bituminous coal. They having pozzolanic properties, and some self-cementing properties with more than 20% lime (CaO) content.

v Class F- The burning of harder, older anthracite and

bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 7% lime (CaO).

STATUS OF FLY ASH IN INDIA

— Total Fly Ash generation in the year 2017-18

is 196.44 MT

— Total Fly Ash Utilization under various

sector is 137. 87 MT (67.13 %)

OVERALL UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH

11% 9% 7% 0% 6% 3% 1% 26% 4% 33%

INDIA: 2017-18

Reclamation Of Low Lying Area Brick & Tiles Ash Dyke Raising; Agriculture Mines Backfilling Roads & Fly Overs Concrete Cement Other

STATUS OF FLY ASH IN JHARKHAND

TOTAL OPERATIVE TPP & CPP 22 NOS TOTAL FLY ASH GENERATION 15.54 MTPA FLY ASH UTILIZATION 14.37 MTPA UNUTILIZED 1.17 MTPA

OVERALL UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH

1% 56% 1% 1% 20% 21%

JHARKHAND: 2017- 18

Brick, Tiles & Blocks Mines Backfilling Roads & Fly Overs Concrete Cement (Portland Pozzolana) Reckamation of Low Lying Area

— Fly

Ash Utilization Notification – 14th Sept.,2019

— Fly Ash First Amendment Notification- 27th

August, 2003 – Revised Fly ash utilization targets for TPPs. – Mandate for brick kilns to use fly ash.

— Fly

Ash Second draft Amendment Notification- 6 th November, 2008

FLY ASH UTILISATION NOTIFICATION

— Fly Ash Second Amendment Notification-3 rd

November, 2009 – Revised Fly ash utilization targets for TPPs. – Mandate for brick kiln to use fly ash withdrawn.

— Fly Ash Third Draft Amendment Notification-

25th May, 2015

— Fly Ash third Amendment Notification – 25th

Jan.,2016

FLY ASH UTILISATION NOTIFICATION

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Target to achieved by TPPs established before the

notification i.e. 3 rd November 2009-

v50% within one year , 60% within 2 yrs, 75%

within 3 yrs, 90% within 4 yrs and 100% within 5 yrs.

— Target to be achieved by New TPPs – v 50 % in one yrs., 70% in 2 yrs., 90% in three

• yrs. and 100% in 4 yrs.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— At least 20% of dry ESP ash shall be made

available free of charge on a priority basis to –Manufacturers of Bricks/ Blocks and Tiles, etc. Farmers, Central or State Road construction agencies & PWD, Agencies engaged in mine.

— However, TPPs having 100% utilisation are

exempted from this provision.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— The cost of transportation of ash within 100

• Kms. radius of coal or lignite based thermal

power plant shall be borne coal or lignite based thermal power plant

— The

cost

• f

transportation beyond the radius of 100 Kms. and up to 300 Kms. shall be shared equally between the user and the coal or lignite based thermal power plant.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— The TPPs to promote, adopt and set up

(financial and infrastructure) fly ash based product manufacturing facilities within their premises or in the vicinity so as to reduce the transportation cost of fly ash.

— To install dedicated dry ash silos having

separate access roads so as to ease the delivery of fly ash.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Upload and Update details of fly ash stock

• f each type available with them on their

web-site every month.

— Emergency ash pond or fly ash storage area

upto 50 ha for 500 MW may be provided.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Shall not store at any time more than 3 months ash

generation in their or ash ponds. In case it exceeds 3 months of generation, the same shall be disposed off in accordance with sub-paragraph 1(1) above within a max. period of 5 yrs. From the date of issue of notification.

— Record shall be maintained.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Plans for utilisation of fly ash were to be

submitted by TPPs to CPCB, SPCBs and concerned Regional Office of MoEF, with in four months of the notification.

— Annual

implementation report to be submitted by 30th day of April to CPCB, SPCB and RO.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Every

Construction agency engaged in buildings within a radius of 300 km shall use

• nly fly ash based products for construction-

cement, concrete , fly ash bricks, tiles, blocks

• etc. in every construction project.

— This will be applicable to all Construction

agencies

• f

Central

• r

State

• r

Local Government and private or public sector.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

— Minimum

Fly Ash content for building materials or products to qualify as ‘fly ash based products ‘ ranges from 15- 50% . IS specifications for these have also been mentioned.

— Regional Office of SPCB/PCCs to ensure this.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

— To ensure mandatory use of Fly Ash based

bricks/products in all Government Scheme/ programmes e.g.

÷MNREGA,

SWACHH BHARAT, Urban and Rural Housing Scheme, where built up area is more than 1000 sq. feet.

÷Infrastructure construction including buildings

in designated industrial Estates/ Parks/Special Economic Zone.

— The Ministry of Agriculture to promote Fly

Ash utilization in Agriculture as soil conditioner.

— To

ensure that the contractor

• f

road construction utilizes the fly ash in the road, the Authority concerned can link the payment of contractor with the fly ash supply certification of TPP.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

— CPWD

Circular no. 1237 dated 9th September, 2002- All Chief Engineers (Civil) to ensure that use of fly ash bricks is made mandatory at-least 25% of the total use of Bricks used.

— Guidelines for Use of Fly Ash in Canal

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

LOADING, UNLOADING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FLY ASH

— Use of tarpaulins to cover the trucks carrying

loads, under the guidance of DGMS

— To

• vercome

the fugitive dust emission problem, thermal power plants are recommended to construct silos for intermediate storage of dry fly ash and made arrangements for proper loading of fly ash to the trucks.

— Adequate arrangements for water sprinkling

should be made to suppress fugitive dust emission and speed limit: 40 Km/hr

— Guidelines or specifications issued by the Indian Road Congress

(IRC) as contained sp. No. SP:58 of 2001 regarding the use of fly ash shall be as followed : 7 – Reclamation of low lying lands with 100 Kms of the TPP/CPP shall use the flyash but after filling proper compaction and top soil shall be placed

— Roles of DGMS and CMPDIL - Within 50 Kms of the

TPP/CPP approval shall only be given if at least 20% of the fly ash on volume to volume basis of the total materials used for external dump of overburden and same percentage in upper benches of back filling the open cast mines.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

FLYASH UTILIZATION WASTE STABALISATION/ TREATMENT BRICKS SUPPLEMENT OF CEMENT/ CONCRETE AGRICULTURE WASTELAND RECLAMATI ON ROADS & EMBANKME NTS

Sl. No. Building Materials or products Minimum % of fly ash by weight & related Indian Standards 1 Fly ash bricks, blocks, tiles, etc. with fly ash, [lime, gypsum, stone dust etc. (without clay) 50% of total input materials (lS -12894) 2 Paving blocks, paving tiles, checker tiles, mosaic tiles, roofing sheets, pre-cast elements etc. wherein cement is used as binder Use in Portland Pozzolana Cement: PPC (lS-1489: Part- l or Portland Slag Cement: PSC (IS-455)

• r

15%

• f

Ordinary Portland Cement: OPC(lS-269/8112/ 12269)

• content.

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

Sl. No. Building Materials

• r products

Minimum % of fly ash by weight & related Indian Standards 3 Cement 15% of total raw materials 4 Clay based building materials bricks, blocks, tiles, etc. 25% of total raw materials ( IS- 137570) 5 Concrete, mortar and plaster Usages of PPC(IS-1489: Part I)

• r PSC (lS-45S1 or 15% of OPC

(IS-269 /8172/12269) content.

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

— Fly ash can be used as liming material on acid

soils or acid mine soils or alkali soils for improving the pH of the soils depending on nature of soil and ash.

— Energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost

and low-maintenance harvest used to make bio fuels, such as bio ethanol.

USE IN – WASTELAND RECLAMATION

— Methane potential of Indian energy crops Sl. No. Energy crops Methane yield(m3/kg) 1 Maize 0.20-0.45 2 Wheat O.38-0.43 3 Rapeseed 0.24-0.34 4 Alfalfa 0.34-0.50 5 Barley 0.35-0.66 6 Potatoes 0.28 – 0.40 7 Industrial Hemp 0.35 - 0.40

USE IN – WASTELAND RECLAMATION

USE IN - AGRICULTURE

— Fly ash addition up to 40% may improve

÷Soil porosity by 10% ÷Water holding capacity by 15%.

— Addition of 10% Fly Ash to Sandy Soil may

increases plant available water content by 52%.

— Addition of Fly Ash up to 20% increases the

yield of grain and straw of rice.

USE IN - AGRICULTURE

— Can increase the yield of cereals, oil seeds,

pulses, cotton and sugarcane by 10-15%, vegetables by about 20-25% and root vegetables by 30-40%.

— Mine spoils an be revegetated by enhancing

the activities of various enzymes such as dehydrogenase, phosphatase and nitrogenase.

— Increase the availability of elements like K,

Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

— Stowing of mines located within 50 km by

road from a coal based thermal plant shall be done with at least 25 % of fly ash on weight to weight basis of the total stowing material used.

— All the coal mines located within 50 km of a

thermal power plant shall use at least 25 % fly ash on volume to volume basis of the total material used in the external over burden dump and same percentage in upper benches

• f internal overburden dump

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

— A safe distance of at least 500 mts. shall me

maintained.

— The top layer of fly ash disposal area shall be

kept moist during disposal.

— 70 cm thick overburden or gravel/stone layer

shall be placed over the top layer. And above it 30 cm sweet soil cover for vegetation.

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

— Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification tests

• f flora an fauna shall be conducted during A

per monsoon and post monsoon.

— Drains to be constructed around the mines to

collect the surface runoff and supernatant water.

— Month wise records shall be maintained and

to be submitted to Ministry/RO annually