: A QCD AXION DIRECT- DETECTION EXPERIMENT
XIAOYUE LI FOR THE MADMAX COLLABORATION MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS, MUNICH, GERMANY
TAUP Toyama, September 9, 2019
: A QCD AXION DIRECT- DETECTION EXPERIMENT XIAOYUE LI FOR THE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
: A QCD AXION DIRECT- DETECTION EXPERIMENT XIAOYUE LI FOR THE MADMAX COLLABORATION MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS, MUNICH, GERMANY TAUP Toyama, September 9, 2019 Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 2 INTRODUCTION 09.09.2019 THE
XIAOYUE LI FOR THE MADMAX COLLABORATION MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS, MUNICH, GERMANY
TAUP Toyama, September 9, 2019
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
INTRODUCTION
▸ The QCD Lagrangian contains a CP-violating term: ▸ Neutron electric dipole moment ▸ The Standard Model does not provide a reason for why is so
tiny, i.e. the strong CP problem.
▸ The Peccei-Quinn mechanism provides a reason for the value of
and predicts a light neutral pseudoscalar boson — the axion.
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ℒQCD = . . . + αs 8π ¯ θ Gμνa ˜ Gμν
a ,
¯ θ = θQCD + θYukawa ∈ [−π, π] ∼ 𝒫(1) dN ∼ 10−16 ¯ θ e-cm < 3 × 10−26 e-cm ⇒ ¯ θ < 3 × 10−10
¯ θ ¯ θ
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
▸
Axion potential is minimized at
▸
INTRODUCTION
▸ Peccei-Quinn introduces a global U(1)PQ symmetry which spontaneously breaks
at
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ℒ = . . . + ¯ θ αs 8πGμνa ˜ Gμν
a + 1
2∂μa∂μa + a fa αs 8πGμνa ˜ Gμν
a
1 GeV < T < fa (PQ symmetry breaking) T < 1 GeV (QCD phase transition)
¯ θ + a fa = 0
Va (a/fa)
▸
The axions produced by the “misalignment” mechanism are a good CDM candidate
T = fa ≫ ΛQCD
QCD
θ( = a fa ) V(θ) Measured today
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
INTRODUCTION
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∼ Λ2
QCD
fa ∼ 5.70μeV 1012GeV fa
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
INTRODUCTION
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Scenario A: PQ symmetry breaking happens before inflation Scenario B: PQ symmetry breaking happens after inflation
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ Axion-photon interaction: ▸ CDM axions behave like a classical wave:
▸ E.g.
▸ Axion de Broglie wavelength: ▸ Axion phase-space occupancy:
▸ Axion-Maxwell equation under external B-field:
a/fa = θ = θ0 cos(mat)
ma ∼ 100 μeV, local galactic axion density ρa = 0.3 GeV/cm3
λa = 2π mava ≳ 10 m (va ≈ 10−3c) 𝒪a ∼ naλ3
a = (ρa/ma)λ3 a ∼ 1022
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ℒaγγ = Caγγ α 2πfa aFμν ˜ Fμν
gaγ = 2.04(3) × 10−16GeV−1 ma μeV Caγγ
∇ ⋅ D = ρf − gaγBe ⋅ ∇a ∇ × H − · D = Jf+gaγBe · a
a ~ B
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ Axion induced electric field:
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x scaled field strength
a E
a = a0 cos(mat)
|Ea| = − gaγBe ϵ a = 1.3 × 10−12 Vm−1 × ( Be 10 T ) ( ρa 300 MeV/cm3 )
1/2 Caγγ
ϵ
Dielectric constant Local axion DM density
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
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a = θ0 cos(mat)
x scaled field strength
a E
Resonant Cavity
Δνa ∼ 10−6ν Axion linewidth Cavity linewidth
Psig ∼ 1.9 × 10−22 W ( V 136l ) ( Be 6.8T )
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( C 0.4) ( Caγγ 0.97)
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( ρa 0.45 GeV cm−3 ) ( f 650 MHz) ( Q 50,000)
Cavity mode factor Cavity volume, scaled by
f −3
Cavity Quality factor
▸ At higher frequencies, cavities are increasingly difficult to build
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ Power emitted at a metal (
) surface: ϵ = inf
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x scaled field strength
a E
Psig A = 2 . 2 × 10−27 W m2 ( Be 10 T)
2
C2
aγγ
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ Power enhancement from coherent emission from and resonance at
interfaces
Psig A = 2.2 × 10−27 W m2 ( Be 10 T )
2
C2
aγγ ⋅ β2
Boost factor needs to be
L L ≪ λdeBroglie
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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ is roughly proportional to the number of
discs
▸
achievable with 80 discs with dielectric constant
▸ Area law:
β2 104 ∼ 105 ϵ ≈ 24 ∫ β2 dν = const
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Disc positions randomly varied by σ = 15 μm Frequency is tuned by changing disc positions
Power boost factor β2 Power boost factor simulation (1D)
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ 3D simulation shows the axion beam shape is well matched to a Gaussian beam. ▸ Reduction and frequency shift of power boost factor relative to 1D prediction are
expected; axion signal coupling to antenna also results in loss of received power.
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1D model 3D total 3D coupled to antenna
Simulated axion beam shape Simulated power boost factor
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
AXION DETECTION
▸ Other 3D effects such as disc tilting, surface roughness and axion velocity have been
satisfied experimentally.
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1 milirad 0.3 milirad 0.1 milirad
Simulated w/ disc tilting
β2
Simulated w/ disc surface roughness
β2
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX
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Focusing mirror Booster with a mirror and 80 LaAlO3 discs 1mm-thick, 1m2 in area 9 T superconducting magnet with >1 m2 aperture, <5% inhomogeneity Horn antenna Cryostats B-field 2m Mirror
MADMAX baseline design
Receiver chain
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX
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Post-inflationary scenario
Prototype detector sensitivity
* System temperature ~8K,
β2 = 5 × 104
5 years uninterrupted running
QCD axion model benchmark
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX
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2017-2019 DESIGN 2019-2022 PROTOTYPING 2022-2025 DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION 2025-2035 DATA TAKING @ DESY
HERA hall north DESY
First physics run at CERN with prototype detector
MADMAX white paper MORPURGO magnet up to 1.9 T *Full-size detector
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX R&D
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Low-noise cryogenic amplifier
Samplers LHe bath
Fake axion signal injection
Front-end mixers & amps
<2% deadtime
with ~days of measurement time
1.2 × 10−22 W
Trec ≈ 5 − 6 K
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX R&D
▸ Boost factor cannot be measured directly; it has to
be calculated based on disc positions
▸ Disc positions can be obtained through the group
delay of the reflectivity measurement
▸ precision achieved with up to 5 discs ▸ Booster temporal stability, disc tilting effects etc.
have also been studied
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20cm sapphire discs ∼ μm
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX R&D
▸ Discs are
m in diameter and 1mm in thickness
▸ Candidate material: LaAlO3 ▸ ▸ ▸ Only grown on 3” wafer; tiling needed for 1
m2 discs
▸ Material electromagnetic properties (,
) at
▸ Other possible candidate materials are being
explored
1.25 ϵ ≈ 24 tan δ ≲ 10−4 ϵ tan δ f > 10
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First tiled LaAlO3 disc ( 30 cm)
ϕ =
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX PROTOTYPE
▸ Aim to construct and commission
prototype booster by 2022
▸ 20 LaAlO3 tiled discs with 30cm
diameter; laser interferometer incorporated
▸ Hammer out the details of the
mechanical design for the full- size detector
▸ First physics results in 2022 with
Morpurgo magnet at CERN
▸ Development and testing of piezo
motors are ongoing
▸ 4K, ~9T, long travel range, 6 kg
load bearing, m precision
< 10 μ
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Preliminary prototype booster mechanics design 2 Preliminary prototype booster mechanics design 1
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
MADMAX MAGNET
▸ magnet has never been built before ▸ Working with innovation partners and an expert committee ▸ NbTi coil, 9 T field, 1.25 m2 aperture, ~5% inhomogeneity ▸ Design to be finalized in 2019; demonstrator coil to be delivered by 2021; full magnet to
be commissioned by 2025
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B2 ⋅ T = 100 T2m2
Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
SUMMARY
▸ There is a strong theoretical motivation for axion as it can solve the Strong CP problem
and at the same time be a good CDM candidate
▸ The MADMAX experiment aims to search for QCD axion in the well-motivated mass
range of
▸ Novel dielectric haloscope to boost axion signal to a detectable level ▸ Design R&D and simulation studies are on going ▸ Prototype booster to be delivered by 2022 ▸ Aim for data-taking with full-size detector in 2025
40 ∼ 400 μeV
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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019
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RWTH Aachen MPI für Radioastronomy Bonn DESY Hamburg Universität Hamburg MPI für Physik München CEA Irfu Saclay Universität Tübingen Universidad Zaragoza Associate member: CPPM, Marseille Institut Néel, Grenoble