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: A QCD AXION DIRECT- DETECTION EXPERIMENT XIAOYUE LI FOR THE MADMAX COLLABORATION MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS, MUNICH, GERMANY TAUP Toyama, September 9, 2019 Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 2 INTRODUCTION 09.09.2019 THE


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: A QCD AXION DIRECT- DETECTION EXPERIMENT

XIAOYUE LI FOR THE MADMAX COLLABORATION MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICS, MUNICH, GERMANY

TAUP Toyama, September 9, 2019

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

INTRODUCTION

THE STRONG CP PROBLEM

▸ The QCD Lagrangian contains a CP-violating term: ▸ Neutron electric dipole moment ▸ The Standard Model does not provide a reason for why is so

tiny, i.e. the strong CP problem.

▸ The Peccei-Quinn mechanism provides a reason for the value of

and predicts a light neutral pseudoscalar boson — the axion.

2

ℒQCD = . . . + αs 8π ¯ θ Gμνa ˜ Gμν

a ,

¯ θ = θQCD + θYukawa ∈ [−π, π] ∼ 𝒫(1) dN ∼ 10−16 ¯ θ e-cm < 3 × 10−26 e-cm ⇒ ¯ θ < 3 × 10−10

¯ θ ¯ θ

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

Axion potential is minimized at

INTRODUCTION

THE PECCEI-QUINN MECHANISM

▸ Peccei-Quinn introduces a global U(1)PQ symmetry which spontaneously breaks

at

3

ℒ = . . . + ¯ θ αs 8πGμνa ˜ Gμν

a + 1

2∂μa∂μa + a fa αs 8πGμνa ˜ Gμν

a

1 GeV < T < fa (PQ symmetry breaking) T < 1 GeV (QCD phase transition)

¯ θ + a fa = 0

Va (a/fa)

The axions produced by the “misalignment” mechanism are a good CDM candidate

T = fa ≫ ΛQCD

QCD

θ( = a fa ) V(θ) Measured today

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

INTRODUCTION

CONSTRAINTS ON QCD AXION MASS

4

∼ Λ2

QCD

fa ∼ 5.70μeV 1012GeV fa

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

INTRODUCTION

CONSTRAINTS ON QCD AXION MASS

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Scenario A: PQ symmetry breaking happens before inflation Scenario B: PQ symmetry breaking happens after inflation

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

CDM AXION DIRECT-DETECTION

▸ Axion-photon interaction: ▸ CDM axions behave like a classical wave:

▸ E.g.

▸ Axion de Broglie wavelength: ▸ Axion phase-space occupancy:

▸ Axion-Maxwell equation under external B-field:

a/fa = θ = θ0 cos(mat)

ma ∼ 100 μeV, local galactic axion density ρa = 0.3 GeV/cm3

λa = 2π mava ≳ 10 m (va ≈ 10−3c) 𝒪a ∼ naλ3

a = (ρa/ma)λ3 a ∼ 1022

6

ℒaγγ = Caγγ α 2πfa aFμν ˜ Fμν

gaγ = 2.04(3) × 10−16GeV−1 ma μeV Caγγ

∇ ⋅ D = ρf − gaγBe ⋅ ∇a ∇ × H − · D = Jf+gaγBe · a

{

  • Model-dependent and of order 1

a ~ B

  • gaγ
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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

AXION HALOSCOPE

▸ Axion induced electric field:

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x scaled field strength

a E

a = a0 cos(mat)

|Ea| = − gaγBe ϵ a = 1.3 × 10−12 Vm−1 × ( Be 10 T ) ( ρa 300 MeV/cm3 )

1/2 Caγγ

ϵ

Dielectric constant Local axion DM density

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

CAVITY AXION SEARCH

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a = θ0 cos(mat)

x scaled field strength

a E

Resonant Cavity

Δνa ∼ 10−6ν Axion linewidth Cavity linewidth

Psig ∼ 1.9 × 10−22 W ( V 136l ) ( Be 6.8T )

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( C 0.4) ( Caγγ 0.97)

2

( ρa 0.45 GeV cm−3 ) ( f 650 MHz) ( Q 50,000)

Cavity mode factor Cavity volume, scaled by

f −3

Cavity Quality factor

▸ At higher frequencies, cavities are increasingly difficult to build

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

HIGHER FREQUENCY: DIELECTRIC HALOSCOPE

▸ Power emitted at a metal (

) surface: ϵ = inf

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x scaled field strength

a E

  • electromag. wave emission

Psig A = 2 . 2 × 10−27 W m2 ( Be 10 T)

2

C2

aγγ

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

DIELECTRIC HALOSCOPE

▸ Power enhancement from coherent emission from and resonance at

interfaces

Psig A = 2.2 × 10−27 W m2 ( Be 10 T )

2

C2

aγγ ⋅ β2

Boost factor needs to be

  • Of order 104~105
  • Frequency and bandwidth-tunable

L L ≪ λdeBroglie

11

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

BOOST FACTOR

β2

▸ is roughly proportional to the number of

discs

achievable with 80 discs with dielectric constant

▸ Area law:

β2 104 ∼ 105 ϵ ≈ 24 ∫ β2 dν = const

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Disc positions randomly varied by σ = 15 μm Frequency is tuned by changing disc positions

Power boost factor β2 Power boost factor simulation (1D)

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

BOOST FACTOR : 3D EFFECTS

β2

▸ 3D simulation shows the axion beam shape is well matched to a Gaussian beam. ▸ Reduction and frequency shift of power boost factor relative to 1D prediction are

expected; axion signal coupling to antenna also results in loss of received power.

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1D model 3D total 3D coupled to antenna

Simulated axion beam shape Simulated power boost factor

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

AXION DETECTION

BOOST FACTOR : 3D EFFECTS

β2

▸ Other 3D effects such as disc tilting, surface roughness and axion velocity have been

  • studied. Requirements (tiling < 0.1 mili radian, surface roughness < 10 µm) can be

satisfied experimentally.

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1 milirad 0.3 milirad 0.1 milirad

Simulated w/ disc tilting

β2

Simulated w/ disc surface roughness

β2

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX

MAgnetized Disc and Mirror Axion eXperiment (MADMAX)

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Focusing mirror Booster with a mirror and 80 LaAlO3 discs 1mm-thick, 1m2 in area 9 T superconducting magnet with >1 m2 aperture, <5% inhomogeneity Horn antenna Cryostats B-field 2m Mirror

MADMAX baseline design

Receiver chain

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX

MADMAX SENSITIVITY

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Post-inflationary scenario

Prototype detector sensitivity

* System temperature ~8K,

β2 = 5 × 104

5 years uninterrupted running

QCD axion model benchmark

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX

TIMELINE

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2017-2019 DESIGN 2019-2022 PROTOTYPING 2022-2025 DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION 2025-2035 DATA TAKING @ DESY

HERA hall north DESY

First physics run at CERN with prototype detector

  • Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79: 186

MADMAX white paper MORPURGO magnet up to 1.9 T *Full-size detector

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX R&D

RECEIVER CHAIN

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Low-noise cryogenic amplifier

Samplers LHe bath

Fake axion signal injection

Front-end mixers & amps

<2% deadtime

  • signal detectable

with ~days of measurement time

1.2 × 10−22 W

Trec ≈ 5 − 6 K

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX R&D

PROOF-OF-PRINCIPLE BOOSTER

▸ Boost factor cannot be measured directly; it has to

be calculated based on disc positions

▸ Disc positions can be obtained through the group

delay of the reflectivity measurement

▸ precision achieved with up to 5 discs ▸ Booster temporal stability, disc tilting effects etc.

have also been studied

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20cm sapphire discs ∼ μm

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX R&D

DIELECTRIC DISC

▸ Discs are

m in diameter and 1mm in thickness

▸ Candidate material: LaAlO3 ▸ ▸ ▸ Only grown on 3” wafer; tiling needed for 1

m2 discs

▸ Material electromagnetic properties (,

) at

  • GHz are under investigation

▸ Other possible candidate materials are being

explored

1.25 ϵ ≈ 24 tan δ ≲ 10−4 ϵ tan δ f > 10

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First tiled LaAlO3 disc ( 30 cm)

ϕ =

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX PROTOTYPE

PROTOTYPE DETECTOR

▸ Aim to construct and commission

prototype booster by 2022

▸ 20 LaAlO3 tiled discs with 30cm

diameter; laser interferometer incorporated

▸ Hammer out the details of the

mechanical design for the full- size detector

▸ First physics results in 2022 with

Morpurgo magnet at CERN

▸ Development and testing of piezo

motors are ongoing

▸ 4K, ~9T, long travel range, 6 kg

load bearing, m precision

< 10 μ

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Preliminary prototype booster mechanics design 2 Preliminary prototype booster mechanics design 1

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

MADMAX MAGNET

MAGNET DESIGN STUDIES

▸ magnet has never been built before ▸ Working with innovation partners and an expert committee ▸ NbTi coil, 9 T field, 1.25 m2 aperture, ~5% inhomogeneity ▸ Design to be finalized in 2019; demonstrator coil to be delivered by 2021; full magnet to

be commissioned by 2025

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B2 ⋅ T = 100 T2m2

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

SUMMARY

SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECT

▸ There is a strong theoretical motivation for axion as it can solve the Strong CP problem

and at the same time be a good CDM candidate

▸ The MADMAX experiment aims to search for QCD axion in the well-motivated mass

range of

▸ Novel dielectric haloscope to boost axion signal to a detectable level ▸ Design R&D and simulation studies are on going ▸ Prototype booster to be delivered by 2022 ▸ Aim for data-taking with full-size detector in 2025

40 ∼ 400 μeV

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Thank you for your attention

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Xiaoyue Li (MPP Munich) TAUP 2019 Toyama 09.09.2019

COLLABORATION

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RWTH Aachen MPI für Radioastronomy Bonn DESY Hamburg Universität Hamburg MPI für Physik München CEA Irfu Saclay Universität Tübingen Universidad Zaragoza Associate member: CPPM, Marseille Institut Néel, Grenoble