8/29/2018 Carbohydrates Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are - - PDF document

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen CHO

• Basic carbohydrates are created by photosynthesis,

but can be rearranged and altered later

• Carbohydrates are the primary food source for cells

Types of Carbohydrates

• Sugars, starches and fibers are common examples of

‘carbs;

• Carbohydrates can be lumped into two major groups:
• Simple Carbohydrates
• Complex Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates

• Simple carbohydrates are smaller molecules made of
• ne or two sugar molecules
• Monosaccharide—single sugars (saccharide means

sugar)

• Disaccharide—molecules made of two sugar

molecules bonded together

Examples of Simple Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides: Most common sugars have the formula C6H12O6
• Glucose: most abundant, easiest for the cell to process
• Fructose: ‘fruit sugar’, sweetest
• Galactose: found in milk sugar
• Disaccharides:
• Sucrose: normal table sugar (gluc + fruc)
• Lactose: milk sugar (gluc + galac)
• Maltose: malt sugar (gluc + gluc)

Examples of Simple Carbohydrates

• Note that simple carbohydrates end with “-ose”

Complex Carbohydrates

• Complex carbohydrates are long chains of 20 to

thousands of sugars called polysaccharides

• Starches: used by plants to store glucose
• Glycogen: used by animals to store glucose

(found in liver and muscle)

• Fiber: used in plant structure, not digestible

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Examples of Complex Carbohydrates

• Plant starches

Non-Energy Uses

• Carbohydrates aren’t only used for energy
• In plants carbs can be used for structure

(cellulose...big part of cell wall and wood)

• Short glucose chains can signal a cell’s type or provide

information to other cells

Lipids

• Lipids are hydrocarbon molecules that are insoluble in

water, like fats, oils and waxes

• Lipids are created by concentrating the energy found

in other energy containing compounds

• Lipids are primarily for storing energy for use later

Types of Lipids

• Most lipids can be lumped into the following major

groups:

• Triglyercides: used for energy
• Phospholipids: used in cell membranes
• Sterols: used for body messaging

Triglycerides

• Made of a glycerol (simple sugar) with 3 fatty acids

linked to it

• Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains
• Saturated: more hydrogen, solid at room

temperature, ‘animal fat’

• Unsaturated: less hydrogen, liquid at room

temperature, ‘plant oil’

Phospholipids

• Phospholipids are the main

component of cell membranes

• They are like triglycerides except one

fatty acid tail is replaced with a phosphate group (PO4)

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Sterols

• Sterols are primarily used for body signaling such as

hormones

• Steroids: not just about muscles
• Cholesterol: helps build cell membrane and is a

starting point for making other sterols

Organic Compounds Part II

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Proteins

• Proteins are organic compounds made of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON)

• You might think of proteins from a dietary

prospective, but they are some of the most important compounds in a cell

• Proteins can have roles in structure, action, regulating

cell reactions and more

Protein Jobs

• Structure: proteins can build cell parts or even body parts

(like fingernails)

• Action: Cell movement is based on proteins. Organisms move

with muscles, which are mostly protein

• Chemical Reactions: reactions in the cell are started and

stopped by proteins called enzymes

• Everything the cell does is based on what proteins are

working at that time

Amino Acids

• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• The order of amino acid in a protein chain

determine the protein’s shape and function

• You body can make some amino acids, but
• thers, called essential amino acids, must come

from you diet

Amino Acid Structure

• Amino = nitrogen group
• Acid = carboxylic acid
• R-Group = determine which amino acid it is

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Protein Structure

• Primary Structure: order of amino acids
• Secondary Structure: folding of the chain into zig-zags

and coils

• Tertiary Structure: additional folding of the zig-zags

and coils

• Quaternary Structure: chains linking to make the

completed protein

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are organic compounds made of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous (CHONP)

• Nucleic acids have more defined and specific roles

than the other macromolecules

• Nucleic acids: primary carry genetic information for

making proteins

Nucleotide Structure

Phosphate—backbone

• f strand

Sugar—Ribose (RNA)

• r Deoxyribose (DNA

Base—gives the ‘letter’

• f the nucleotide; the

code part

Nucleotide Chains

• DNA and RNA chains are formed by linking

nucleotides into long threads.

• DNA is doubled stranded the two strands ‘match up’

with each other

Types of Nucleic Acids

• DNA: instructions for how to make the proteins
• RNA: helps DNA make proteins
• Small nucleic acids: one or two modified

nucleotides used fro energy and delivery or signaling (ex. ATP, GTP)

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Comparing DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Structure Double strand Single strand Bases A, T, C, G A, U, C, G