Slide 1 / 75 Slide 2 / 75 6 th Grade PSI Earth's Materials and Systems Part I : The History of Planet Earth www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 75 Table of Contents: The History of Planet Earth Click on the topic to go to that section · Earth's Layers · Three Types of Rocks · Early Life on Earth / Fossils · Rock Strata
Slide 4 / 75 Earth's Layers Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 75 Review Earth is a "terrestrial" or rocky planet. This means that it is made up of rocks and minerals. The rocks and minerals that now make up our Earth were once just small chunks revolving around our sun. Over billions of years, they combined to form the planet we live on today. What are the other rocky planets in our solar system? Slide 6 / 75 The Makeup of Earth As Earth grew larger, its gravity increased. Pressure beneath Earth's surface caused changes to the Earth's makeup. Distinct layers began to form. Do you remember any of the names of the layers? Brainstorm with your table.
Slide 7 / 75 The Layers of Earth Our Earth is divided into four major layers: Crust Mantle Inner Outer Core Core Slide 8 / 75 Earth's Crust Think of the crust of Earth as the crust of a pizza pie. The crust is the outermost layer of Earth, just like the crust above is the outermost layer of the pizza! Slide 9 / 75 Earth's Crust There are 2 parts to the crust. One is the land. What is the other part? This section is very thin compared to other layers of Earth (between 5 and 25 miles thick) and it is very hard and rigid. The crust is composed of plates that slide around on top of the section below it. This portion is called the lithosphere .
Slide 10 / 75 Earth's Mantle The next layer down is the mantle. This is the largest layer - about 1,800 miles thick! The mantle is made up of incredibly hot, semisolid rock (basically think of rock in a form sort of like pudding). This layer makes up about 2/3 of Earth's mass. Slide 11 / 75 1 Which best describes the lithosphere? A The part of the atmosphere which we breathe. B The layer of Earth that makes up the greatest Answer mass. C A layer of Earth that is made of a jello-like substance. D The plates of Earth that slide around the surface. Slide 12 / 75 2 What is true of the mantle? A It is the thickest layer of Earth. B It is the top layer of Earth. Answer C It is entirely made of liquid. D It is the least massive portion of Earth.
Slide 13 / 75 3 The mantle is composed of Earth's land and oceans. True False Answer Slide 14 / 75 4 Choose the correct order of Earth's layers from outermost to most inner. A mantle, crust, inner core, outer core B inner core, outer core, crust, mantle Answer C inner core, outer core, mantle, crust D crust, mantle, outer core, inner core Slide 15 / 75 Earth's Outer Core The Outer Core is so hot that it is entirely liquid. It is the only liquid layer of Earth. It is made up of mainly nickel and iron. To give you an idea of how hot it is, nickel becomes a liquid at 2,650 degrees F and iron melts at 2,800 degrees F! What temperature does ice melt at?
Slide 16 / 75 Earth's Inner Core At the very center of Earth, you will find the Inner Core. Like the Outer Core, this layer is also extremely hot and is made of nickel and iron. Although the temperature is higher, the nickel and iron here are in solid form because of the intense pressure that this layer experiences. Slide 17 / 75 5 What separates the Inner and Outer Core? The Inner Core is made of liquid; the Outer Core is A solid. The Outer Core is hotter than the Inner Core. B The Inner Core is solid; the Outer Core is Answer C liquid. The Outer Core is under more pressure than D the Inner Core. Slide 18 / 75 6 Which is the oldest layer of Earth? A crust B mantle Answer C outer core D inner core
Slide 19 / 75 Size of Earth's Layers Slide 20 / 75 Three Types of Rocks Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 75 Formation of Rocks The layers of Earth are constantly moving and changing due to intense heat and pressure. The energy of this heat and pressure results in the formation of Answer rocks. But what exactly is a rock ? With your table, come up with some characteristics of rocks.
Slide 22 / 75 Three Types of Rocks How a rock forms depends on what type of rock it is. There are three types of rocks: Sedimentary Click on the rock type to see an example. Metamorphic Igneous Slide 23 / 75 How Do Rocks Form? The three types of rocks on the previous page each form in different ways. The animation on the next slide will introduce you to the process behind the transformation of rocks from one type to another - a process known as the rock cycle . Answer the questions on the accompanying worksheet while watching the animation. Slide 24 / 75
Slide 25 / 75 7 Which of the following is not a type of rock? Metamorphic A Glacier Answer B Igneous C Sedimentary D Slide 26 / 75 Sedimentary Rock "Sediments" are small fragments of rock. To form Sedimentary rock, these fragments combine together. These rocks are typically multi-colored with many different textures. Slide 27 / 75 Igneous Rock "Igneous" has the same root word as "ignite." What does ignite mean? Igneous rocks form when magma, which we can think of as "liquid fire," cools down. These rocks are typically dark, very shiny, and made up of crystals.
Slide 28 / 75 Types of Igneous Rock There are two types of igneous rock. "Intrusive" igneous rock is still in side Earth. "Extrusive" igneous rock has ex ited Earth. Slide 29 / 75 Metamorphosis A "Metamorphosis" is when something changes into something new. You have learned about a few organisms which undergo metamorphosis in your science classes over the years. At your table, talk for a few minutes about the 2 organisms below and the metamorphosis they undergo during their lives. Slide 30 / 75 Metamorphic Rock Just like the frog, metamorphic rock is formed when another one type of rock changes into a new type of rock. Metamorphic rock forms when another type of rock changes its chemical makeup because of heat and pressure. These rocks are typically made up of layers that formed as the rock was squashed under pressure.
Slide 31 / 75 8 Which type of rock is made up of pieces of other rocks? Metamorphic A Extrusive Igneous B Answer Intrusive Igneous C Sedimentary D Slide 32 / 75 9 Which type of rock is formed of magma below the surface of Earth? Metamorphic A Extrusive Igneous B Answer Intrusive Igneous C Sedimentary D Slide 33 / 75 10 Which type of rock is formed when other rocks undergo a transformation due to heat or pressure? Metamorphic A Answer Extrusive Igneous B Intrusive Igneous C Sedimentary D
Slide 34 / 75 11 Which type of rock is formed from magma cooling on Earth's surface? Metamorphic A Extrusive Igneous B Answer Intrusive Igneous C Sedimentary D Slide 35 / 75 12 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary B Igneous Answer C Metamorphic Slide 36 / 75 13 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary B Igneous Answer C Metamorphic
Slide 37 / 75 14 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary B Igneous Answer C Metamorphic Slide 38 / 75 15 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary B Igneous Answer C Metamorphic Slide 39 / 75 Early Life on Earth / Fossils Return to Table of Contents
Slide 40 / 75 The Age of Earth Scientists estimate that the Earth formed around 4.6 billion years ago. We can learn about the history of Earth by studying rocks and fossils. Slide 41 / 75 First Life on Earth There is evidence within the rocks on Earth that suggests that life first appeared on Earth about 3.6 billion years ago. The image above is of stromatolites , the oldest fossils on record. They provide us with evidence of very simple life forms like bacteria as long as 3.5 billion years ago. Slide 42 / 75 Prokaryotes The first cells that existed on Earth were closely related to prokaryotes . These are cells that do not have a nucleus. Most prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. bacteria Why were the first organisms on Earth very simple? What is a more common name for prokaryotes? Move the image once you come up with an idea.
Slide 43 / 75 Prokaryotes Very specific conditions were needed for these living organisms to form. Organic chemicals (chemicals that include carbon) as well as some sort of heat were needed to form these cells. Slide 44 / 75 Photosynthetic Organisms Food was scarce on the early Earth. Why do you think this was? What do most organisms that we know of today eat? Come up with a theory at your table. Slide 45 / 75 Photosynthetic Organisms Food was scarce on the early Earth because there were only a few organisms to begin with! Some prokaryotes developed the ability to create their own food by converting sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugar and oxygen. The creation of oxygen through this process led the way for more complex organisms, like animals, to evolve.
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