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4th Grade
Earth Systems
2015-11-10 www.njctl.org
Slide 2 / 101 Earth Systems
· Earth's Systems
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Earth's Systems
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4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 101 - - PDF document
4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 101 - - PDF document
Slide 1 / 101 Slide 2 / 101 4th Grade Earth Systems 2015-11-10 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 101 Earth Systems Click on the topic to go to that section Earth's Systems Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Erosion
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Earth's Systems
The four systems that work together are: the atmosphere the biosphere the hydrosphere the geosphere
Slide 7 / 101 Earth's Systems - Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds Earth. The atmosphere includes the air around us. Layers of gases within the atmosphere interact with each
- ther. We can feel when these layers interact through a cool
breeze or the thick air of a hot and humid day.
Slide 8 / 101 Earth's Systems - Biosphere
The biosphere is where life is found. The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms. What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?
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Earth's Systems - Biosphere
The biosphere is where life is found. The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms. What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?
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Answer The prefix "Bio" means life.
Slide 9 (Answer) / 101 Earth's Systems: Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth. The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth. Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?
Slide 10 / 101 Earth's Systems: Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth. The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth. Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?
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Answer The prefix "Geo" means earth.
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Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth. The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet. "Hydro" means ______________.
Slide 11 / 101 Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth. The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet. "Hydro" means ______________.
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Answer The prefix "Hydro" means water.
Slide 11 (Answer) / 101 Earth's Systems
How is this fish tank like Earth's four systems? Right now, write a few complete sentences to answer this question.
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Earth's Systems
Where do we see Earth's four systems here? (click the boxes to reveal the answers) atmosphere - sky biosphere - trees geosphere - cliff hydrosphere - lake All of Earth's systems work together and interact with each other.
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What systems do we see here? atmosphere - sky biosphere - trees geosphere - rocks hydrosphere - river
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What systems can we see here? biosphere - sea turtle hydrosphere - ocean
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1 Earth has four systems that work together. True False
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1 Earth has four systems that work together. True False
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Answer True
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2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surrounding the Earth. A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
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2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surrounding the Earth. A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
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Answer D
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3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________. A hydrosphere B atmosphere C geosphere D biosphere
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3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________. A hydrosphere B atmosphere C geosphere D biosphere
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Answer C
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4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________. A biosphere B geosphere C hydrosphere D atmosphere
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4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________. A biosphere B geosphere C hydrosphere D atmosphere
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Answer A
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5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. A geosphere B hydrosphere C atmosphere D biosphere
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5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. A geosphere B hydrosphere C atmosphere D biosphere
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Answer C
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6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust? A hydrosphere B biosphere C atmosphere D geosphere
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6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust? A hydrosphere B biosphere C atmosphere D geosphere
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Answer D
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7 These are part of which system? A atmosphere B hydrosphere C biosphere D geosphere
(snow) (rain)
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7 These are part of which system? A atmosphere B hydrosphere C biosphere D geosphere
(snow) (rain)
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Answer B
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8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere? Yes No
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8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere? Yes No
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Answer No
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Mechanical Weathering
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Slide 24 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
We know that sometimes Earth's systems work together to build up or create new rocks or crust - particularly the geosphere as tectonic plates interact. But Earth's systems also work together to break down Earth's crust.
the geosphere building up rocks in the form of a mountain range
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Mechanical Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks, minerals, and sediments on Earth's surface. Weathering breaks down the land around us and shapes what we see on the surface.
Slide 26 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is one type of weathering. For example, all of these small rocks were once part of the ledge above, but now physical forces have broken them off. Mechanical weathering is when physical processes break down rock.
Slide 27 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
An auto mechanic can help us remember what mechanical weathering does. A mechanic uses tools to break a car into smaller pieces . You may know other things a mechanic does, but remembering that a mechanic does this can help us remember what mechanical weathering is. What does a mechanic do? (click the box to find the answer)
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Mechanical Weathering
Like a mechanic who uses tools to take apart cars, mechanical weathering is Earth's way of using different physical tools to break apart features on its surface. Mechanical weathering uses a different set of tools. Can you guess what they are? An auto mechanic may use these tools:
Slide 29 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
The tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) water ice heat plants wind glaciers All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Slide 30 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
Some tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) plants wind glaciers All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
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Mechanical Weathering
Some more tools of mechanical weathering are: (click boxes for answers) water ice the Sun All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Slide 32 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Water
Water is a strong force that breaks down rocks. Here, waves have smashed against these rocks so many times that the rocks are now smoothed out and worn away.
Slide 33 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Ice
When water freezes, it expands. When water gets into rocks and freezes, it expands inside the rock and causes the rock to crack. Can you explain in your own words what happened in this video?
Click to watch a video demonstrating how ice can powerfully break apart rocks.
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Mechanical Weathering - Heat and Temperature Change
Temperature, the change between hot and cold, is another force of mechanical weathering. This rock, which has many layers, is broken like a puzzle after many seasons of heating and freezing.
Slide 35 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Plants
Plants also can break apart rocks. Here, this tree has grown into the rock and caused it to crack. The roots of plants
- ften break apart
rocks.
Slide 36 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Wind
Although wind can be hard to see with our eyes, its effects on rocks are not. softer rock layers - very weathered by the wind harder rock layers - less weathered by the wind Here we can see how wind has weathered the softer layers this rock more than the harder layers.
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Mechanical Weathering - Glaciers
Glaciers are giant masses of ice, often a mile high. They are extremely heavy, and can crush rock beneath them. The ice and water from glaciers can also weather rocks by freezing in cracks. This rock shows marks from a glacier scraping its surface.
Slide 38 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is constantly at work. Which Earth system does mechanical weathering break down? Do you notice which Earth systems work to break down rocks? The geosphere is broken down by weathering.
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9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shape
- f rocks.
True False
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9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shape
- f rocks.
True False
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Answer True
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10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does? A fixes things that are broken B uses tools to put things together C uses tools to break things apart D figures out a problem and how to fix it
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10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does? A fixes things that are broken B uses tools to put things together C uses tools to break things apart D figures out a problem and how to fix it
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Answer C
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11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering? A plants B gravity C temperature change D glaciers
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11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering? A plants B gravity C temperature change D glaciers
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Answer B
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12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft? Yes No
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12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft? Yes No
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Answer No
Slide 43 (Answer) / 101 LAB: Ice Breaks Rocks
How does ice break rocks apart? In this lab, we will create models of how ice breaks apart rocks.
Slide 44 / 101 LAB: Water Weathers
How does water mechanically weather rocks? In this lab, we will create models of how water weathers rocks. Get your arms ready to do some shaking!
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Chemical Weathering
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Slide 46 / 101 Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering is the second type of weathering. Chemical weathering is when chemicals change the materials that make up a rock. Chemical weathering does not just break down rocks like mechanical weathering does, but actually changes what the rocks are made of.
Slide 47 / 101 Chemical Weathering
For example, you can see where this rock has been chemically
- weathered. It has
changed from being a smooth brown rock to a rough yellow one.
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Chemical Weathering
A chemist can help us remember what chemical weathering does. A chemist uses chemicals to change one material into another . You may know other things a chemist does, but remembering that a chemist does this can help us remember what mechanical weathering is. What does a chemist do?
(click on the box to find the answer)
Slide 49 / 101 Mechanical Weathering
Water and heat are the two largest means through which chemical weathering occurs.
Slide 50 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Water
Rain is not pure water. It contains acids that, over time, can dissolve rocks. Have you ever seen a statue like these, worn down and smooth? Over time statues made of rock get this way because of acid rain . The acid rain dissolves the rock the statue is made of.
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Mechanical Weathering - Water
Acid rain has dissolved some of the rock in these statues. From looking at the pictures closely, can you tell what it means to dissolve a rock?
Slide 52 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Water
Acid rain can also cause rocks to rust. Here, acid rain water flowed into this rock through the crack towards the front
- f the slab. The darker portion is iron
rust. We can also see rust on this rock.
Slide 53 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Water
On top of acid rain, other bodies of water can also carry acids and chemicals that have the power to change the rocks around them. The lake at the bottom of these falls is green because of the dissolved minerals and chemicals it has picked up from the river.
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Mechanical Weathering - Water
Caves (left) and karsts (right) are also created from water that contains acid wearing away at rocks.
Slide 55 / 101 Mechanical Weathering - Heat
Heat, too, can change the material a rock is made of. Exposure to hot air over time can cause changes like this. Chemical reactions caused by heat and water break down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces.
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13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________. A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of C mixing chemicals D changing the material a rock is made of
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13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________. A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of C mixing chemicals D changing the material a rock is made of
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Answer D
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14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve. True False
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14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve. True False
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Answer True
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15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering? A A rock freezes and breaks. B A rock turns red with rust. C A rock is dissolved and washed away. D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.
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15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering? A A rock freezes and breaks. B A rock turns red with rust. C A rock is dissolved and washed away. D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.
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Answer A
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16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.
A mechanical B chemical
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16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.
A mechanical B chemical
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Answer A
Slide 60 (Answer) / 101 Weathering Review
Discuss in small groups: How do you think mechanical and chemical weathering relate to Earth's four systems? Which of the four systems are involved in weathering? Which of the four systems get weathered? Are any of the systems not very involved in weathering?
Slide 61 / 101 ACTIVITY: Modeling Chemical Weathering
How does chemical weathering work? We will look at how chemical weathering works through two activities using chalk and old pennies.
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LAB: Chemical Weathering
How does chemical weathering affect different types of rocks? This lab will take multiple days and involves conducting MOHS HARDNESS TEST of a number of rock samples. Get ready!
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Erosion
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Slide 64 / 101 Weathering and Erosion
Weathering causes rocks to break down into smaller pieces. Erosion is the movement of these small pieces to different locations. There are several ways erosion occurs.
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Erosion by Gravity
Mechanical weathering broke these rocks into small pieces, but gravity caused them to move to a new location. This is erosion.
Slide 66 / 101 Erosion by Wind
This rock experienced mechanical and chemical weathering. Then the wind carried the small pieces of rock, sand and debris away.
Slide 67 / 101 Erosion by Rain
After weathering has broken up materials, rain can wash it away.
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Erosion by Rivers
As rivers flow, they move sediment and other materials that have been broken down by weathering.
Slide 69 / 101 Erosion by Oceans
Oceans carry broken rock, sediment, and sand to other locations.
Slide 70 / 101 Erosion by Glaciers
Glaciers can move pieces of rock and sediment to different locations.
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Erosion
Sometimes the same factors can cause both weathering and erosion. The glaciers' pressure breaks down the rock beneath it (weathering). The glaciers' movement carries the rock away (erosion). What is causing weathering and erosion in this picture? Click the box to check your answer.
Slide 72 / 101 Erosion
What is causing weathering and erosion in this picture?
The ocean waves break apart the land (weathering). The water washes the small pieces away (erosion).
Slide 73 / 101 Erosion
This is a picture was taken during aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Discuss how you think a hurricane can cause weathering and erosion.
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17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. True False
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17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces. True False
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Answer False
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18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________. A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion
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18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________. A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion
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Answer A
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19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________. A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion
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19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________. A mechanical weathering B chemical weathering C erosion
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Answer C
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20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away or moved by erosion change their form? Yes No
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20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away or moved by erosion change their form? Yes No
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Answer Yes
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21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion? A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
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21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion? A atmosphere B biosphere C geosphere D hydrosphere
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Answer A, B, C, & D All four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion.
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22 Discuss at your table how all four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion.
Students type their answers here
the atmosphere the biosphere the hydrosphere the geosphere
Slide 80 / 101 LAB: Erosion
How are new landforms created through erosion and deposition? During this lab, we will create models of landforms and then erode them with water. Make sure you are a good observer throughout the lab.
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LAB: Weathering & Erosion
How are weathering and erosion related? Using skittles, you will create a model of weathering and erosion. You will be recording what you see throughout the lab. It is important that you draw what you see, not what you think of when you think of a skittle or anything else. Scientists must draw what they see.
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Biogeology
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Slide 83 / 101 Biogeology
The biosphere is not only involved in shaping Earth through weathering, but also through animals and all living organisms which help to shape the environments around them. Biogeology is how life interacts with Earth. How do you think living organisms affect their environments?
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Biogeology
All living things affect the physical characteristics of the regions they live in. Here is one example. This is lichen, an organism that grows
- n rocks. It absorbs minerals
from the rock, eventually causing the rock to break down. This lichen is 100's of years old.
Slide 85 / 101 Biogeology
Humans change their environments in many ways. Humans plow fields, mine, and build buildings. What else can you think of that we do to change our environment?
Slide 86 / 101 Biogeology
Plants also change their environments in many ways. Plants, like this tree, grow roots into the soil around them and they stabilize the soil. Can you think of anything else that plants do to change their environment?
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Biogeology
Animals also change their environments in many ways. One example is beavers; they build damns that change the flow of water just like humans do when they build dams. How else do animals change their environment?
Slide 88 / 101 Biogeology
Although all living organisms change the environments around them, they also must respond as their environments change, sometimes from factors other than themselves (for example, because of plate tectonics). When an organism cannot adapt to changes in their environment, they will become extinct, meaning they will no longer exist.
Slide 89 / 101 Extinction
This is what happened to the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are extinct because they did not adapt to changes in Earth's environment many years ago. What are some theories on what happened in the environment that lead to their extinction?
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Biogeology
All living organisms must adapt to things in their environments, even as these organisms also change their environments. For example, humans change their environment by building big buildings. At the same time, it may snow in that environment and humans have to adapt and learn to live in those conditions.
Slide 91 / 101 Biogeology - Rainfall
Rainfall is one of the largest factors that determine which
- rganisms can live in a region.
Rainfall helps to shape land and it affects the types of living
- rganisms found in a region.
For example, in a desert with very little rainfall, you find cacti and lizards. You would not find big trees and tree frogs here.
Slide 92 / 101 Biogeology - Rainforest
But in a place with large amounts of rain, like a rainforest, you find many large trees and tree frogs. These plants and animals grow and live where they do because of rainfall. Some organisms have adapted to very little rainfall, like cacti, and some have adapted to live where there is lots and lots of rainfall, like these trees.
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Biogeology
As environments change, life forms need to respond and adapt to the changes. As humans have cut down trees to build more roads, we have changed the habitats of plants and animals. This has caused extinction of some species, death of animals and plants, and a shortage of resources. But sometimes we can take steps to help other organisms adapt to the changes we make in our environments.
Click here to see a video on how humans have provided a structure to help animals adapt where there are major highways.
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23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth. True False
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23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth. True False
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Answer False
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24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes. A not respond B adapt
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24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes. A not respond B adapt
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Answer B
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25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments. True False
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25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments. True False
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Answer False
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26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes? Yes No
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26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes? Yes No
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Answer Yes
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27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region? Yes No
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27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region? Yes No
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Answer Yes
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28 Only some living things affect their environment. True False
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28 Only some living things affect their environment. True False
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