3 Bioeconomy Pillars Bioenergy Bio-based Products Food and Feed 2 - - PDF document
BISO Environmental Sustainability Assessment Jorge Cristobal, Cristina T. Matos, Jean-Philippe Aurambout, Simone Manfredi, Boyan Kavalov 21.11.2014 European Commission JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability Sustainability Assessment
www.jrc.ec.europa.eu Serving society Stimulating innovation Supporting legislation
Jorge Cristobal, Cristina T. Matos, Jean-Philippe Aurambout, Simone Manfredi, Boyan Kavalov 21.11.2014 European Commission JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability Sustainability Assessment Unit (JRC.H.08)
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http://biobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/analysis
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MAP AND PRESENT
Available Relevant Environmental Data
Addressed by further research
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Collected Data
Impact Category Climate Change Ozone Depletion Freshwater Ecotoxicity Human Toxicity - cancer effects Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation Acidification Eutrophication – terrestrial Eutrophication – aquatic Resource Depletion – water Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil Land Transformation
TABLE
PEF
Mainly using Product Environmental Footprint methodology.
Maximum and minimum values for the same functional unit.
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Comments and interpretation of the environmental performance
(identification of methodology and technology issues that influence the results)
normalised results
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Further info in CORDIS – Community Research and Development Information Service:
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Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION
Biofuels
Small-scale heating Large-scale heating Electricity Combined Heat and Power Small-scale heating Large-scale heating Electricity Combined Heat and Power
Biofuels Hydrogen Heat and/or Power Biofuels Hydrogen Heat and/or Power
Factsheets Published Factsheets Under Construction
Via DIRECT COMBUSTION
CHP
Via GASIFICATION
Factsheets Under Consideration
Biodiesel via HYDROGENATION Biodiesel via HYDROGENATION Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTION Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTION
Biofuels H2 CHP CHP Biofuels
Heat and/or Power Fuel Heat and/or Power Fuel
CHP
Via A. DIGESTION
Biofuels
Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power
CHP
Via PYROLYSIS
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2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS 2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS
Biofuels
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
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Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
Feedstock Feedstock Esterfi/Transeterif Extraction Saccharification / Fermentation Distillation Hydrolysis 14
Different system boundaries: Cradle to Grave Cradle to Gate Gate to Gate Depending on the feedstock, the process must include: Esterification previous to transesterification for biodiesel Hydrolysis previous to fermentation for bioethanol Special case for biofuels in transport: well to wheel – same as cradle to grave (without considering the car manufacturing or disposal). Focused on GHG and energy efficiency.
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Data availability Data in line with PEF methodology Priority to studies accounting for the highest number of impact categories Peer-reviewed, most cited and most recent
Selection Criteria
Mid point
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
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Impact Category
Biodiesel Bioethanol
Climate Change Ozone Depletion Freshwater Ecotoxicity Human Toxicity - cancer effects Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects UNITS UNITS Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation UNITS UNITS Acidification UNITS UNITS Eutrophication – terrestrial Eutrophication – aquatic Resource Depletion – water Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil Land Transformation
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TABLE
Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven Raw material input (feedstock) Rapeseed Soybean FFA-rich wastes Microalgae Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology Climate change (kgCO2eq) (4.8E-3 – 0.2) 1.15 1.08 (0.031 – 0.043) (0.032 – 0.044) (0.33 – 5.24) (0.15 – 1) Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven Raw material input (feedstock) Wheat Sugar cane Willow Glycerol Corn Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology Climate change (kgCO2eq) (-0.016 – 1.15) 0.15 (0.05-0.25) (0.06-1.59) (-0.032- 0.072)
7 0.22 (-1.23-0.39) 0.11
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Negative values when substitution – system expansion is used as allocation criteria (wheat straw and DDGS replace animal feed production) Ozone depletion and Resource depletion – high due to the use of fossil fuels in agriculture Fresh water eutrophication – use of agrochemicals and fertilizers in feedstock production
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION
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Negative values – due to substitution (glycerin – from fossil propane gas; rapemeal – imported soymeal) High values due to intensive agricultural activities for rapeseed cultivation Assumption of a lower utilization efficiency of biodiesel in the car engine
Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
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Lactic Acid Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid Organic Acids 1,3- Propanediol Gycerol Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Alcohols Polymers Citric Acid Citric Acid Organic Acid Lysine Glutamic Acid Lysine Glutamic Acid Amino Acids Paper Paper
Factsheets Published Factsheets Under Construction
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Chemical Building Blocks Bio-polymers
Data availability; Technology readiness: demonstration to full scale application; Market importance of the bio-based production pathway; Actual and future perspectives for market growth.
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Lignocellulosic Crops and Residues Starch Crops Sugar Crops Oil Crops Animal Fats Used Cooking Oil Saccharose Starch Cellulose Vegetable Oils Oils Tallow Fatty Acids Glycerol 1,3- Propanediol Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid Lactic Acid Polyhydroxyalk anoates Polylactic Acid Glucose Hemicellulose Lignin Solvents Polymer Inks Food Additives Pharmaceutical Soaps Resins Lubricants
Biomass Intermediate Platforms Bio-polymers Building Blocks Applications
Coatings Packaging Medical Devices Fibers
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Lignocellulosic Crops and Residues Starch Crops Sugar Crops Oil Crops Animal Fats Used Cooking Oil Filtration Fermentation Crystallisation Distillation Glycerol 1,3- Propanediol Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid Lactic Acid Polyhydroxyalk anoates Polylactic Acid Hydrolysis Solvents Polymer Inks Food Additives Pharmaceutical Soaps Resins Lubricants
Biomass Conversion Bio-polymers Building Blocks Applications
Coatings Packaging Medical Devices Fibers Extraction Transesterification Electrodialysis Polymerisation Cell Disruption
Centrifugation Hydrogenation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Acetic Acid Lactic Acid 1,3- Propanediol Glycerol Polylactic Acid PHAs Succinic Acid Adipic Acid
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TRL of Bio-Based Products Production
Demonstration Scale Full Commercial Application
Chemical Building Blocks Bio-polymers
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Demonstration Scale Full Commercial Application
TRL of Feedstock Use
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Limited reliable and available data; Few impact categories analysed, most common impacts reported: climate change, non-renewable energy, primary energy, acidification, freshwater eutrophication and land use; Few studies using large scale data.
Impact Category 1,3- Propanediol Gycerol Polylactic Acid PHA Lactic Acid Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid Climate Change
2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2
Ozone Depletion
3 2 1
Freshwater Ecotoxicity
1
Human Toxicity - cancer effects
1 1 1 1
Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects
1 2 1 1 1
Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics
1
Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation
1 3 2 2
Acidification
1 6 4 1 1 2
Eutrophication – terrestrial
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Eutrophication – aquatic
1 6 5 3
Resource Depletion – water
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Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil
3 1
Land Transformation
1 6 4 2 1 1 1 1
Total number of publications
2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2
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Data
No data
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System boundaries of the environmental assessment: Most of the studies consider a LCA cradle-to-gate approach; Few studies compare different end-of-life options; Most of the studies use one kg of product as LCA functional unit; Most studies refer to European and US case-studies.
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The LCA data was reported in the environmental factsheets in the form of ranges (maximum minimum). Credits are usually assigned to the sugar cane processes for the energy surplus generated from bagasse burning; decreasing climate change and non-renewable energy impacts. When burning of lignin-rich wastes are considered in the LCA analyses, the climate change and non-renewable impacts associated with lignocellulosic decreases. LCA data was available for large scale production systems of PLA. While for PHA only lab to pilot scale systems were reported.
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The LCA data available for acetic acid, succinic acid and adipic acid was obtained mainly from systems at lab to pilot scale. LCA data for lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, was also available from large scale production systems. Lower conversion yields are reported for acetic acid and adipic acid, which increase their environmental impacts when compered with other products.
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The data shows high variability. When reported, the higher (normalised) impacts were found for eutrophication of freshwater and primary energy demand. The methodological assumptions and the technologies chosen for the LCA study influence the results.
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The higher environmental impacts are reported for cradle-to-grave LCA systems. Few studies account for the carbon uptake during biomass growth, which in some cases can have a significant impact in the LCA results. The approach used to model multi functionality influences the results. The lower LCA results are associated with the use of substitution. Different allocation assumptions (mass, economic, energy) can significantly impact the results. Few impact categories are reported. A complete environmental picture of bio-based products is missing.
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The lower values found for climate change and non-renewable energy demand were
process for energy surplus generated from bagasse burning. Lower impacts are reported, when considering the burning of lignin-rich waste in lignocellulosic systems. Low land requirements are reported for the use of corn stover as feedstock. Generally, lower impacts are reported when wastes are used as feedstock, because the generation of these wastes is not included with in system boundaries. Lower impacts are reported for organic acids productions when continuous fermentation processes are used compared with batch case studies.
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Wheat Sugar
Significant EU production; Produced across the EU; LCA data availability; Potential use in the bioeconomy
Milk Wine Eggs
Publications
29 (11)
Publications
46 (18)
Publications
15 (5)
Publications
16 (11)
intensive / extensive / organic
System boundaries: Cradle to farm gate
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Strong R&D
Weed and pest control: reliance on chemical inputs and pesticides N Fertilization or Nutriment management Animal welfare and feed digestibility
Climate change (more for crops)
Impact Category
Wheat Wine Milk Egg
Climate Change Ozone Depletion Freshwater Ecotoxicity Human Toxicity - cancer effects Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation Acidification Eutrophication – terrestrial Eutrophication – aquatic Resource Depletion – water Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil Land Transformation
Good data Data but... No data
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Climate Change Ozone Depletion Ecotoxicity for aquatic fresh water Acidification Eutrophication – aquatic Land Transformation
Product References
Wheat Wine Milk Eggs
Data but… Good data
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Organic Conventional
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Organic Conventional
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Organic Conventional
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Organic Conventional
(not necessarily justified)
transformation (and vice versa). However, no studies incorporated all 14 categories so we do not have a complete picture. + Missing elements such as taste… We could not find any studies looking at “closed systems” food or feed production (no fossil fuel inputs: N fixation / Diesel for machinery).
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