10/2/2017 Chapter Three Kingdoms and Empires in the Middle East 1 - - PDF document

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Chapter Three Kingdoms and Empires in the Middle East

Biblical References? Historic References?

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Trading Empires of the Ancient Middle East

Aramaeans

• Damascus

us, Syria

• Rich

h Overland nd Trade

• Aramaic Langua

uage Langua uage e of Busines ness of the e Ancient Middle East

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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)

• Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
• Canaanites of the Bible
• Rich Overseas Trade

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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)

• Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
• Canaanites of the Bible
• Rich Overseas Trade
• Loose confederation of City States
• Tyre (most influential), Sidon

Byblos

• Colonies throughout the

Mediterranean

• Carthage – greatest colony
• Overshadow s Tyre

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Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean)

• Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
• Canaanites of the Bible
• Rich Overseas Trade
• Loose confederation of City States
• Tyre (most influential), Sidon Byblos
• Colonies throughout the Mediterranean
• Carthage – greatest colony
• Overshadow s Tyre
• Excellent sailors
• Maritime technology
• Exchange of goods and products (bartering)
• Business practices
• Alphabet (See Next Slide)

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Evolution of the Phoenician Alphabet

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What is going

• n?

Note the products!

The Color Purple!

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The Lydian's

• Western Asia Minor
• Modern Turkey
• Gold Deposits
• Midas ?
• Develop a regional trade center
• Sardis
• Introduce concept of money
• Coinage -- Stater
• Set values for goods
• King Croesus

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Ancient Land of the Israelites

Land of Canaan Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism

• Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey”
• Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites
• Migration to Egypt
• 12 Tribes
• Moses

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Land of Canaan

Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism

• Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey”
• Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites
• Migration to Egypt
• 12 Tribes
• Moses
• Exodus / Return to Canaan
• Lack of Unity - Judges
• Fight among the Canaanites for control of area
• Establishment of Kingdom
• Saul – Unites Israel
• David – Jerusalem
• Solomon – Temple

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The Temple at the Time of Solomon

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Ancient Land of the Israelites

• Establishment of Kingdom
• Saul – Unites Israel
• David – Jerusalem
• Solomon – Temple
• Breakup of the Kingdom
• 10 Tribes / North = Israel
• 2 Tribes / South = Judah (Jerusalem)

King David’s Palace

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Invasion from the North

Assyrians – 722 BC

• Sennacherib
• Nineveh
• Israel – Ten Tribes of the North are conquered
• Lost Tribes of Israel ?

Chaldeans – 586 BC (Neo-Babylonians)

• Nebuchadnezzar
• Judah – Two tribes to the South are

conquered

• Babylonian Captivity
• The Jewish culture is organized

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Babylon 586 BC Babylon Today

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Persian Empire Begins

Cyrus II

• Conquers Babylon

Releases the Jews to return to Judea / Israel

• Diaspora

Torah is created

• 1st Five Books of the Bible

Jews rebuild the Temple Lasting Legacy

• Christianity
• Islam

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Hittites

Asia Minor

• Modern Turkey
• Anatolia Plateau

Well Organized Kingdom

• Regional “Superpower”
• Clay Tablets
• Iron Weapons
• Three Man Chariots

Society included elements from

• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• Less harsh legal system

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The Hittite Empire

Modern Turkey Ancient Turkey

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Hattusas The Hittite Capital City

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Hittite Capital at Hattusas

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Hittite Capital at Hattusas

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The Assyrians -- Nineveh

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Assyrians

Northern Mesopotamia

• Nineveh – Capital City
• Tigris River

Build powerful kingdom 900 BC Army – Dominant power

• Foot Soldiers
• Chariots
• Cavalry

Harsh Overlords Well Organized Empire

• Provinces – Governors – Road Networks
• Clay Tablet Library -- 22,000 discovered!

King Sennacherib – Bible (Old Testament)

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Ancient Middle East Exhibit British Museum London, England

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Chaldeans

(Neo-Babylonians) Successors to the Mesopotamian Empires Last of the Mesopotamian Empires Capital City – Babylon Nebuchadnezzar

• Hanging Gardens
• Kingdom of Judah – 586 BC
• Babylonian Exile

Fall to the Persians – 539 BC Cyrus II Builds huge empire to the east Moves to west capturing nations Allows Jews to return to Judea (Biblical Account!)

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Persian Empire

Cyrus II

• Defeats Chaldeans
• Builds huge empire
• Egypt in west to India in the east

Darius I

• Well organized – good administrator
• Provinces – governors – “Satraps”
• Inspectors
• Four Capital Cities
• Persepolis, Susa, Babylon, Sardis
• Royal Road
• Dispatch riders
• “Neither rain nor snow nor gloom of

night stays these couriers from their appointed rounds.”

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Tomb of Cyrus the Great Pasargadae, Iran

Built in the shape

• f a Ziggurat!

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Darius I – Vainglorious Imagery

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Persepolis Capital of the Persian Empire

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Gate of All Lands Entry Way to the Palace

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Entry way to the Great Hall for the Audience with the King

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King’s Audience Hall 65’ in Height

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Darius I and the Greeks

• Persian disaster
• 490 BC
• 480 BC (Xerxes)

Persian Culture

• Conquered peoples retained their own cultures
• Tolerant rulers (Jews return to homeland)

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Persian Religion

• Zoroaster (Greek name)
• Good vs. Evil
• Final Judgment
• Impact on Christianity ?
• Impact on Islam ?
• Impact on Judaism ?
• Today, Approximately 4 million Iranians are Zoroastrians
• Live in south-east Iran
• Some live in India – Known as the “Parsees”

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Home of the Sacred Perpetual Flame

Naqsh-I Rustam (Near Persepolis)