1 Calibration of a Measurement System for High Frequency Nonlinear - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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1 Calibration of a Measurement System for High Frequency Nonlinear - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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1 Calibration of a Measurement System for High Frequency Nonlinear Devices Jan Verspecht 2 Overview Introduction Vectorial Nonlinear Network Analyzer Hardware Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes The

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1

Calibration of a Measurement System for High Frequency Nonlinear Devices

Jan Verspecht

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2

Overview

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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3

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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4

The High-Tech World

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5 Idea Prototyping Computing Measuring Producing

Engineering Tools

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6

High-Speed Electronic Measurements

Filters Interconnects Small signal amplifiers Dynamic Linear TDR-Oscilloscopes Network Analyzers Mixers Power Amplifiers Frequency Multipliers Static Nonlinear Oscilloscopes Spectrum Analyzers Digital “Nonlinear Network” Dynamic Nonlinear Analyzer

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7

a1 b1 a2 b2

DUT Nonlinear input input

  • utput
  • utput

Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer

VNNA Measurements

Amplitude & Phase

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8

Instrument Calibration

VNNA Scientific and Industrial World kg s m V A H K J W F Ω Hz

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9

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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10

?

VNNA Hardware

Preexistent Prototypes

Broadband Oscilloscopes Linear Network Analyzer Test Sets Couplers Synthesizers RF Switches Incident & Reflected Amplitude & Phase Port 1 & Port 2

Measurements

“Golden diode” Ideal RF signal samplers RF Power Meter

Phase Cal Amplitude Cal

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11

HP-NMDG Prototype

BIAS1 BIAS2 DUT (on wafer)

4 channel broadband downconvertor precision analog-to-digital convertor Bandw.: 18GHz

  • Dyn. Range: 60dB

Spec Sheet

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12

Traceability Of Calibration

RF Power Meter

Phase Cal Amplitude Cal

Reference Waveform Generator Broadband Sampling Oscilloscope “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Standards Lab

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13

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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14

Sampling Oscilloscope Basics

DELAY DAC Delay Setting Trigger Level CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 TRIGGER

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Screen

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15

Timebase Errors

Drift Jitter Distortion HLog estimator Log Spectral Averaging Noise rms = F(signal derivative) Phase Demodulation

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Vertical Errors

Gain Distortion Dynamical Limit Signal “Nose-to-Nose” Offset Charact. DC measurements Amplitude

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17

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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18

Impulse Response = Kick-Out

Impulse Response Kick-Out Dirac Delta Precharged +

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“Nose-to-Nose” Measurement

+

  • Measured Kick-Out
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Systematic Measurement Error

M ω ( ) H ω ( )e jϕ P ω

( ) ( )

=

measured freq. response function physical freq. response function Fourier transform of sampling aperture waveform MEASUREMENT ERROR

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Upperbound For Phase Error

Sampling Aperture : Finite In Time Positive 10ps

10 20 30 40 50 2 4 6 8 10 12

Frequency (GHz)

  • Max. Error ( degrees)

1 Local Max

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Comparison With Power Measurements

10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60

  • 3
  • 3
  • 6
  • 6
  • 9
  • 9
  • 12
  • 12

Frequency (GHz) requency (GHz) Response (dB) Response (dB) Low BW

  • w BW

High BW High BW

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23

Repeatability and Noise

10 20 30 40 50

  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1 0.2 10 20 30 40 50

  • 1.5
  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5

Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) Amplitude Diff. (dB) Phase Diff. (deg)

Amplitude Phase

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24

Sampler Linearity

frequency (GHz) amplitude differences (dB)

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Frequency Response Function

5 10 15 20 25 30

  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

5 10 15 20 25 30 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) Amplitude (dB) Phase (deg)

Amplitude Phase

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“Nose-To-Nose” Errors

Amplitude Phase Time Distortion 8mdB 0.02deg Timing Jitter 150mdB / Time Drift / / Repeatab., Noise 20mdB 0.15deg Nonlinearity < 20mdB < 0.15deg Unknown Phase / 0.72deg

(Frequency = 20GHz)

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27

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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Error Model

Definition of Variables

am1 bm1 am2 bm2 ag1 bg1 ag2 bg2 ad1 bd1 ad2 bd2

LINEAR LINEAR DUT

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Ki e jϕ K i

( )

1 β1

i

γ1

i δ1 i

0 α2

i β2 i

0 γ2

i δ2 i

am1

i

bm1

i

am2

i

bm2

i

ad1

i

bd1

i

ad2

i

bd2

i

=

classical calibration (LOS, LRM) powermeter reference generator

Calibration

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30 reference gen.

Absolute Calibration

power sensor

Amplitude Phase

PORT 1 PORT 1

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probe tip APC-3.5 RECIPROCITY

On Wafer: Reciprocity

power sensor reference gen.

Data Acquisition Line

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The Reference Generator

1GHz trigger signal amplifier (0.5W) 1.5m SMA cable SRD module differentiator 20dB att. APC-3.5 conn. (m)

200 400 600 800 1000

  • 240
  • 180
  • 120
  • 60

60 120 180 240

Time (ps) Amplitude (mV)

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Absolute Calibration Factor

3 6 9 12 15 18

  • 45
  • 40
  • 35
  • 30
  • 25
  • 20

3 6 9 12 15 18 16 17 18 19 20 21

Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) Amplitude (dB) Phase (deg)

Amplitude Phase

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34

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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Model vs. Measurements

DUT

Large Signal Model

Simulation

s-parameters as a function of DC bias (Root or Jansen et al.)

VNNA Data

=

?

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Early Results

: Root-model : VNNA measurements

MESFET transistor (INTEC-UG, IMEC): HDA, fundamental 3GHz

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More Advanced Results

  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5
  • 60
  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

Harmonic output power (dBm) Input power (dBm) : Jansen et al. model : VNNA measurements

  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 165
  • 160
  • 155
  • 150
  • 145

Input power (dBm) Phase (deg)

HEMT transistor (ESAT-KUL, IMEC): HDA, fundamental 3GHz

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38

Time Domain

100 200 300 400 500 600

  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1

Time (ps) Amplitude (V)

: VNNA measurement : Jansen et al. model : incident voltage wave

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39

  • Introduction
  • Vectorial “Nonlinear Network” Analyzer Hardware
  • Accuracy of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes
  • The “Nose-to-Nose” Calibration Procedure
  • Absolute Calibration of a VNNA
  • Consistency Check: Model versus Measurements
  • Conclusions
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40

Conclusions

  • The Instrumentation And Calibration

Procedure Developed Allows the Accurate Measurement of Phase and Amplitude of the Spectral Components of Incident and Scattered Voltage Waves at the Signal Ports

  • f a Nonlinear Microwave Device.
  • The Relative Calibration And Amplitude

Calibration Are Traceable To National Standards, The Phase Calibration Is Traceable To The “Nose-To-Nose” Calibration Procedure.

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Future Research

  • Phase Calibration Traceable To National Standards
  • More Theoretical Work Concerning “Nose-To-Nose”
  • Implementing The “Nose-To-Nose” For

Photo-Conductive Samplers

  • Putting Error Flags On VNNA Measurements
  • Towards Commercial Use Of VNNA