1 O O 5. Organic Acids 6. Esters Carboxyl group - - PDF document

1

Topic 12.1 Functional Groups:

something that replace a H in a hydrocarbon C C

X

H H H H H C H H C C

OH

H H H H H C H H C C H H H H OH C H H H C C CH3 H H H OH C H H H Primary Secondary Tertiary

• 1. Alcohol

Hydroxyl group (-OH) replacing a H Propanol 2-Propanol 2-methyl-2-Propanol

R-OH

General formula: 3 classes :

• Not bases
• Do not dissociate
• Not electrolytes
• 2. Aldehyde

Propanal

General formula: Carbonyl group at end of chain

C C H H H H H H C O

• CH

O

R-CH O

• Not electrolytes
• 3. Ketone

Propanone

General formula: Carbonyl group inside chain

• C-

O

2-pentanone

C C H H H H H H C O

• Not electrolytes

H C H H C C H H H H H C O C H H

• 4. Ether

Ethylmethyl ether General formula:

R-O-R’

Oxygen Connecting two hydrocarbon chains C C H H H H H H O C H H

• Not electrolytes

2

• 5. Organic Acids

Propanoic Acid

General formula: Carboxyl group of chain

• C-OH

O Acidic hydrogen (H+)

R-C-OH O

C C OH H H H H H C O

• Weak acids
• Do dissociate
• weak electrolytes
• 6. Esters

Butyl

General formula: Carboxyl group in middle of chain

• C-O

O Comes from acid Comes from alcohol

Propanoate

R-C-O-R’ O

C C O H H H H H C O C H H C H H C H H C H H H

• Not electrolytes
• 7. Amines

General formula: R-NH2 = organic compounds based on ammonia

Methylamine Methanamine

N CH2 C H2 C H2 C H3 CH3 CH3

Triethylamine Triethanamine

N H H H

:

N H H C : H H H

• weak bases
• Split water
• weak electrolytes
• 8. Amino acids = have an amino and a carboxyl group

C OH O N H H C R H

O O C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 CH3 C H2 C H3

C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 OH

O C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3 CH3 CH O C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3 O C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 CH3 C H3 C H2 C H C H2 C H2 C H2 CH3 OH

Structure general formula type of compound name

1 2 3 4 5 6 R-OH R-OH R-CH O R-O-R’ ester aldehyde ketone ether 2° alcohol 1° alcohol R-C-O-R’ O propylpentanoate pentanal 3-heptanone butyl ethyl ether 3-heptanol 1-pentanol

OH O C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 O O C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 CH3 C H3 OH C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3 CH3 CH3 CH O C H2 C H2 C H2 C H C H3 CH3 O C H3 C H2 C H2 CH3 O C H2 C H2 CH3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3

Structure general formula type of compound name

7 8 9 10 11 12 R-OH R-CH O R-O-R’

• rg. acid

aldehyde 3° alcohol ketone ether ester R-C-O-H O heptanoic acid 5-methyl hexanal 2-methyl 2-heptanol 2-pentanone propyl pentyl ether ethyl pentanoate R-C-O-R’ O

3

OH O C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 OH CH3 C H2 C H2 CH3 C H2 C H3

Structure general formula type of compound name

11 12

• rg. acid

3° alcohol hexanoic acid 4-methyl 4-octanol R-OH R-C-OH O