SLIDE 1
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A frequency effect conditioned by phonological grammar
Kie Zuraw, UCLA kie@ucla.edu
QITL June 2006
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Tagalog (Western Austronesian, Philippines)
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Tagalog (Western Austronesian, Philippines)
About 16 million native speakers
(Ethnologue), plus many second-language speakers
Roman alphabet introduced during Spanish
rule; encodes distinctions not represented in
- lder writing and probably not contrastive
until recently (d vs. r; u vs. o; i vs. e)
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Tagalog tapping
Schachter & Otanes 1972 (Tagalog Reference Grammar):
- Spanish and English loans have introduced a contrast between
d and r ([])
disko ‘disc’ risko ‘risk’ kantod ‘limp’ kantor ‘singer’ seda ‘silk’ sera ‘wax’
- But in native words, there’s (near-)complementary distribution,
with r between vowels and d elsewhere
daliri ‘finger’ dapat ‘should’ likod ‘back’ isda ‘fish’ kadkad ‘unfurled’
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Tagalog tapping
d → r / V__V d optionally becomes r between vowels
lakad ‘walk’ lakar-an ‘to be walked on’
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Overview of talk
Tapping is morphologically governed: required in
- ne environment, forbidden in another, optional in a
third.
– I’ll propose a prosodic account of this.
In the environment where tapping is variable, it’s tied
to word-frequency facts.
– I’ll argue that this reflects the outcome of lexical access.
Grammar needs to be able to refer to outcome of
lexical access.
Data on variation are taken from a written corpus,