1 Luxembourg 120.06 Ireland 80.64 Denmark 63.83 EU STUDENT - - PDF document

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1 Luxembourg 120.06 Ireland 80.64 Denmark 63.83 EU STUDENT - - PDF document

EU STUDENT MOBILITY TO CHINA Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Research Assistant Research Assistant Research Assistant Research Assistant ESSCA School of Management ESSCA School of Management ESSCA


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CHINA AS A TALENT MAGNET THE STUDENT MOBILITY –MIGRATION NEXUS IN EU-CHINA RELATIONS

Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Lin Goethals Research Assistant Research Assistant Research Assistant Research Assistant – – – – ESSCA School of Management ESSCA School of Management ESSCA School of Management ESSCA School of Management ANR Project “Immigrants in China ANR Project “Immigrants in China ANR Project “Immigrants in China ANR Project “Immigrants in China LEAD Final Conference LEAD Final Conference LEAD Final Conference LEAD Final Conference Brussels, 10 September 2018 Brussels, 10 September 2018 Brussels, 10 September 2018 Brussels, 10 September 2018

EU STUDENT MOBILITY TO CHINA

ANR Project Immigrants in China

Source: (CAFSA 2008, CAFSA 2009, CAFSA 2011, CAFSA 2012, MoE 2002, MoE 2006, MoE 2009, MoE 2010, MoE 2010b, MoE 2011, MoE 2012, MoE 2014, moE 2015, MoE 2015a, MoE 2015b, moE 2016, MoE2017)

 Mobility Deficit (IN/OUT)  Intra-EU Mobility

THE MOBILITY CONTEXT

ANR Project Immigrants in China

  • China has set its goal to receive 500,000 International

students by 2020 (vs ET2020)

  • 16,2% European Students in China
  • Language and Cultural Students dominate
  • But diversification

diversification diversification diversification of student population, study fields, more exchange and degree mobility

  • English programmes
  • First/Second tier cities vs others
  • Major differences between HEIs and programmes
  • Trend towards shorter

shorter shorter shorter mobility – Are we scratching the surface?

  • Erasmus+ and intra-European mobility as the New

mobility as the New mobility as the New mobility as the New Normal Normal Normal Normal  New and more exotic destinations

  • Rise of China and required Knowledge of China
  • Economic drivers, youth employment and employability
  • EU shared competence – MS driven

MS driven MS driven MS driven

CONTENT

WHO? Who are the Mobile EU students in China? WHY? Push and Pull factors Motivations WHAT AFTER? Prospects for cont. engagement Migration? Return on investment? HOW? Experiences of student mobility CLASSIFICATION OF MOBILE EU STUDENTS IN CHINA Typology of Students INDICATORS Prospects and likeliness for future engagement Intrinsic Motivation

  • f Students

Interest for the language, culture and region Scholarships Job market and opportunities Motivations HEI, Field and level

  • f Study

Personal Characteristics Nationality Mobility Features Experience/Partner

Sinophiles Talents Diaspora Visionaries Opportunity-seekers Incidentals Wanderers CLASSIFICATION OF STUDENTS

FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD OF STUDY OF STUDY OF STUDY OF STUDY DURATION DURATION DURATION DURATION SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP FUTURE FUTURE FUTURE FUTURE ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT Sinophiles Chinese Language, Culture and Regional Studies > 6 months Long(er) stay LANG-EXCH Extra incentive Active search Specific interest in the region Visionaries Opportunity seekers Business Technology Specific Fields 3-6 months EXCH(-DEG) NO LANG Shorter stay Extra Incentive No necessity Explore the market Based on experience and opportunities Diaspora Chinese Language Miscellaneous Medium Duration LANG-EXCH-DEG Extra incentive No Necessity Less migration More cooperation and engagement Talents Government prioritised fields Duration of the programme Necessity Global war on talent Brain Circulation

  • nce incentives dry
  • ut

Wanderers Miscellaneous 3-6 Months EXCH Necessity Based on experience Prospects for return and cooperation

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EU STUDENT MOBILITY TO CHINA

ANR Project Immigrants in China

ATTRACT PROMOTE BEFORE TRAIN MAINTAIN DURING ENGAGE RETAIN AFTER

8 Luxembourg 120.06 Ireland 80.64 Denmark 63.83 Spain 58.35 Netherlans 55.19 Austria 53.76 Finland 52.42 Germany 50.84 Belgium 49.27 Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong 48.83 48.83 48.83 48.83 France 44.93 United Kingdom 44.18 Italy 35.91 Malta 31.85 Cyprus 28.68 Slovenia 27.54 Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan 25.98 25.98 25.98 25.98 Portugal 24.24 Czech Republic 23.75 Estonia 23.61 Greece 21.14 Slovakia 20.51 Lithuania 19.53 Latvia 18.47 Hungary 16.72 Poland 16.18 Croatia 14.79 Romania 12.58 China China China China 10.09 10.09 10.09 10.09 Bulgaria 9.23

GDP PER CAPITA WHO?

Immigrant China, Fudan 2017

Hypermobility Circular migration and brain circulation TOP SENDING COUNTRIES France Germany UK Attractiveness of China as a mobility destination Image of China in the EU Variety of options and opportunities 5 groups of EU MS

  • Western Europe
  • UK
  • Nordic Countries
  • Southern Europe
  • Central and Eastern Europe

WHY?

ANR Project Immigrants in China

  • 1. Specific Knowledge of China

Knowledge of China Knowledge of China Knowledge of China and expertise development  Interest in China and the region

  • 2. Skills development and Employability  Career

Career Career Career development development development development

  • International Experience

3. 3. 3.

  • 3. China as an emerging market

China as an emerging market China as an emerging market China as an emerging market  Opportunities

  • 4. Availability of scholarship

scholarship scholarship scholarships and funding

  • 5. China as an out
  • ut
  • ut
  • ut-
  • of
  • f
  • f
  • f-
  • the

the the the-

  • ordinary
  • rdinary
  • rdinary
  • rdinary destination  The

attractive unknown

  • 6. Family ties and linkages to China
  • 7. Previous experiences in China

8. 8. 8.

  • 8. Attractiveness of the

Attractiveness of the Attractiveness of the Attractiveness of the programmes programmes programmes programmes     Double degree Double degree Double degree Double degree

  • 9. Internship

Why Choose China as a Mobility Destination?

Students’ perspectives “I was studying Chinese but it was my first time to come to China”

“It is interesting to discover more about China, it is the future and a huge market” “My main motivation was the double degree” “I had lived in China before and wanted to come back” “I wanted to live in China, and study Chinese. It is a good programme,

  • therwise I would not have done it and would have worked in China

instead” “China is different, a different experience” “The question is not why I wanted to come to China, but more why not? I did not know much about China before coming here”

HOW? - STUDENT EXPERIENCES

Language as biggest challenge Language Proficiency is key Advanced levels and diversification Integration Difficult to make local friends Diverging rules and provisions for local and foreign students – tensions Immersion - Duration Life in China Great experience - social life Living costs/scholarships Tier 1 and Tier 2 versus other cities (Academic) Freedom Pollution Hierarchy and bureaucracy Responsibility ping pong Double degree Experience and Cultural Understanding  Skills development Academic Environment and quality Expectations vs reality Teaching style, requirements, low workload Courses on offer in English limited Content of the courses “what was covered was not useful”

ANR Project Immigrants in China

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Experiences

“Knowledge of the language is essential” “We are spoiled little pandas” “The otherness is key in China, you are foreign before all” “The pollution gets you down. The weather is extreme, in winter and in summer”

WHAT NEXT?

ANR Project Immigrants in China

Migration/Employment in the region (TW, CN, HK,..) Employment related with TW and the region Applying acquired skills and competences in non-related sectors/regions Maintaining Transnational Networks Limited links maintained

Likeliness for future engagement

Post-mobility

  • Return Home
  • Stay
  • Re-location

The link between our programme and afterwards was missing.

EUROPEAN STUDENTS FOCUS GROUPS

WHAT NEXT?

ANR Project Immigrants in China

Vast Majority of the EU students return to the EU

  • Engagement and retention gap

Engagement and retention gap Engagement and retention gap Engagement and retention gap

  • Few students decide to stay in China  3

3 3 3-

  • 5 years

5 years 5 years 5 years

  • Job opportunities / Job market at home
  • VISA

VISA VISA VISA

  • Local Partner
  • Sinification

Sinification Sinification Sinification

  • Language Proficiency is key

Language Proficiency is key Language Proficiency is key Language Proficiency is key

Return on investment?

  • Job opportunities / Job market at home
  • How to engage the students post-mobility?

Circular Migration and Brain Circulation  Hypermobility

CONCLUSIONS

ANR Project Immigrants in China

CATERING FOR AN INTL MARKET CIRCULAR MOVEMENT LANGUAGE IS KEY REGULATIONS LIMITED ATTRACTIVENESS OF CHINA

Academic Quality Quality Quality Quality Assurance Assurance Assurance Assurance Career Career Career Career development development development development Networks Hypermobility Circular migration Brain Circulation Brain Circulation Brain Circulation Brain Circulation Cultural Understanding Integration Integration Integration Integration Immersion Engagement Engagement Engagement Engagement Networks Life in China Changing Changing Changing Changing environment Volatility Volatility Volatility Volatility Language Language Language Language Quality HE Quality HE Quality HE Quality HE Reputation Reputation Reputation Reputation Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution Political Developments Political Developments Political Developments Political Developments Environment Environment Environment Environment (Internet,…)

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

ANR Project Immigrants in China

Data and information Data and information Data and information Data and information sharing sharing sharing sharing Lack of data and access Alumni Networks Alumni Networks Alumni Networks Alumni Networks Ensure continuous engagement of students Visa Regulations Visa Regulations Visa Regulations Visa Regulations Internships Volatility Work Permits Career Coaching Career Coaching Career Coaching Career Coaching In the broad sense In China and the EU Innovative approach to Innovative approach to Innovative approach to Innovative approach to mobility mobility mobility mobility Collaborations/Programm es/Duration/Topic Types of studentsNeeds More EU Coordination EU Coordination EU Coordination EU Coordination Too much divergence between the MS