06-Jan-19 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of - PDF document

06-Jan-19 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of Roman History I. Kingdom: 753 BC – 509BC • Tiber River Seven Hills 509 BC – 31 BC II. Republic: III. Empire (Imperial) : 31 BC – 476 AD (Western) 31 BC – 1453 AD (Eastern = Byzantine) 2 2 The Development of the First Roman Republic The Italian Peninsula Rocky mountain range in center of peninsula -- Apennines Rich soil, Olive Trees (Olive Oil), Vineyards (Wine) Early Peoples Indo-Europeans – 2000 BC Greek Colonists 3 3 1

06-Jan-19 The Etruscans  Ruled Northern Italy: 900 – 500 B.C.  Little is known about them.  Language still is not deciphered; alphabet from the Greeks.  Some Greek influence – Would influence the Romans.  Wealthy society; social classes.  Legacy left in burial chambers and artifacts. 4 5 Etruscan Funeral Rites 6 2

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06-Jan-19 13 13 Latin's Tiber River  Drains into the Mediterranean Sea  Marshy area – disease prone Rome – 8 th century B.C.  Legend  Fact – Farming people  Join into a single unit Seven Hills of Rome City develops unique character between these hills Early 7 th century B.C. falls under control of Etruscan’s Tarquin Family – Provides Etruscan kings over Rome and the Latin’s  Remain in power approximately 100 years.  Tarquin the Proud 534 – 509 B.C. 14 14 Latin’s Cont.’ Brought first city-state civilization to Italy Taught Greek Alphabet and Arches Group of Nobles -- named Senate -- Called Patricians Common people called Plebeians 15 5

06-Jan-19 Rome under the Tarquins Roman Forum develops – market place – center of town Greek = Agora 509 B.C. – Roman populace rise up – overthrow the Tarquin monarchs Romans vow to never live under a king. Republic established 509 B.C. 16 16 The Roman Forum The Center of the Life of Rome 17 17 Rome begins to grow as a Republic Conflict with Neighbors 18 18 6

06-Jan-19 Executive Branch Consuls – Two each – One Year terms Dictator – sole leader in time of emergency Legislative Branch Senate 300 Patricians – serve for life Plebeians Against Patricians Plebeians want equal rights Made up the bulk of the army Plebeian assembly -- Tribunes ”Veto = I Forbid” Writing down of laws for all to see Plebeian assembly becomes popular assembly The Twelve Tables 451 B.C. Placed in the Forum 19 19 20 20 Religion • Strong Greek influence • Deities names and functions Family Family Values – Father absolute head of household • Live simply Hi; I’m Travel Bear • Work hard • Sense of duty 21 21 7

06-Jan-19 Expansion and Crisis Romans conquer the Southern Italian/Greeks  Pyrrhus - Greek  Beat Roman army twice  Third battle indecisive with Romans,  returned to Greece ”Pyrrhic Victory” --- Won at great cost!! (“Perhaps not worth the effort”) Romans exercise wise leadership after conquests Roman citizenship given to conquered peoples Romans controlled administration of justice 22 22 23 23 Roman Legions • Originally -- Citizen soldiers • Roman Legion - 5/6,000 men • Only Romans at first • Used auxiliaries • Built military roads • Romans successful because of geography • Central location of Rome • Established military coloniae 24 24 8

06-Jan-19 The largest element of the Roman Army was the Legion (“Muster”) Symbol of Approximately 6,000 men; Height of the Empire, 30 legions (180,000) the Legion +Auxiliaries (300,000) from all over the Republic and Empire Eagle One legion (+ Staff) = 10 Cohorts (500 men) = 60 centuries (80 men) 25 25 Roman Army Develops Warfare Tactics and Strategies Move from use of the Phalanx to what becomes the Legion 26 26 The Roman Soldier Emerges as the Best Fighting Man 27 27 9

06-Jan-19 Standard Image Reforms of Start of Pax of the Roman Marius Romana Legionnaires 1 st Professional (31 / 27 B.C.) Equipment would Standing Army in remain the same for Rome .. Loyalty to 200 years the Commander 28 28 By the time of Augustus the Roman century was down from 100 men to 80 men. 29 29 The Roman Army was masters at Siege Warfare … each soldier was also and engineer and builder 30 30 10

06-Jan-19 Rome’s First “Real Crisis” --- Rome Against Carthage  Roman rival in trade and control of the Mediterranean Sea  Phoenicians -- 814 B.C.  Punic = Latin for Phoenicians Port of City of Carthage Rich Trade – Competition from Rome 31 31 Rome Builds a Navy 32 32 The First Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC) Fought over Sicily (Straits of Messina) Romans won Carthage – Indemnity Paid to Rome Rome Controls Sicily Establishes Presence 33 33 11

06-Jan-19 Roman Villa at Casale, Sicily 3 rd Century A.D. 34 World Famous Mosaic 1,700 Year Old The “Bikini Girls” Mosaics! 35 Curious Image Why? 36 12

06-Jan-19 37 The Second Punic War (218 BC – 202 BC) Rome vs. Hannibal • Sagunto, Spain • Alps - Elephants • Battle of Cannae (216 BC) - Defeated Rome Roman Scipio invaded N. Africa • Hannibal returns to Carthage • Hannibal defeated at Zama Hi! It’s me again, Travel Bear 38 38 Battle of Cannae 216 BC – Hannibal is victorious 39 39 13

06-Jan-19 Hannibal Never Attacked Rome Itself! Why? The Walls of Rome Protected the City! 40 Archimedes Dies 212/211 BC in Roman Siege of Syracuse Tomb ? 41 41 Scipio’s Triumph on his return to Rome after the Battle of Zama 42 42 14

06-Jan-19 The Third Punic War (149- 146 BC) Roman ultimatum – Cato – Roman Senate “Carthage Must Be Destroyed” Destruction of Carthage – Sowing of Salt in the Earth Gen. George S. Patton 1943 Mare Nostrum “Our Sea” -- the Mediterranean 43 43 The Republic in Crisis Political Changes -- Corruption in the Provinces *Power concentrated in Senate *Small land owners unhappy – lose farms *Slave labor (Latifundia) Crowding the Cities Reformers and Generals Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Roman Civil War Marius vs. Sulla General Sulla brought temporary peace 44 44 Slave Revolt – Spartacus (73 BC – 71 BC) Began at the Gladiator School at Capua (Southern Italy) • 2 nd Largest Amphitheater in Roman Empire! 45 15

06-Jan-19 Julius Caesar Popular military leader Had support of the army Became part of the 1 st triumvirate Pompey -- military hero Crassus -- wealthy Roman 46 46 Caesar in Spain Caesar and the Pirates Caesar and Cleopatra 47 47 Julius Caesar Popular military leader  Had support of the army Became part of the 1 st triumvirate  Pompey -- military hero  Crassus -- wealthy Roman Caesar conquers Gaul and Northern tribes 48 16

06-Jan-19 Celtic Influence in Europe! 49 Celts and the Romans in Gaul (France) 50 50 51 51 17

06-Jan-19 Alesia 52 B.C . Caesar’s Greatest Triumph 52 52 53 53 Siege of Alesia 52 BC Then Alesia, France Now 54 54 18

06-Jan-19 Alesia Today (August 2002) 55 55 56 56 Reconstructed Roman Fortifications of Alesia 57 57 19

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06-Jan-19 Julius Caesar Popular military leader Had support of the army Became part of the 1 st triumvirate Pompey -- military hero Crassus -- wealthy Roman Caesar conquers Gaul and Northern tribes Roman Civil War – “Crossing the Rubicon” (Popular term!) Defeats Pompey in Greece Becomes a dictator for life Extends Roman citizenship to conquered peoples Begins public works projects Murdered by Brutus -- “Et Tu Brutae?” 61 Roman Civil War “Crossing the Rubicon” (Popular term!) 62 Rome at the Death of Caesar in 44 B.C. 63 63 21

06-Jan-19 End of the Republic Caesar Murdered 44 BC – Ides of March Civil War 44 – 31 BC (2 nd Triumvirate)  Octavian  Marc Antony  Marcus Lepidus – (“goes away”) Octavian grandnephew of Caesar  (Adopted Heir) Marc Antony defeated by Octavian  Cleopatra  Battle of Actium 31 B.C. Egypt becomes a Roman province Octavian called “Imperator” (Victorious General) = Emperor Empire Begins under one ruler  Octavian is now called Augustus “Majestic One” 64 64 Cleopatra’s Royal Barge 65 66 66 22

06-Jan-19 Augustus – the First Emperor of Rome (27 BC – 14 AD)  Significant Reforms – Life better/Less corruption/Stable society  Does not establish clear line of succession  Pax Romana Begins (31 BC – 180 AD) 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 23

06-Jan-19 70 Circus Maximus • In the center of Rome • 150,000 or more spectators!! • Chariot Races (“Ben Hur”) 71 71 71 Ostia / The Port of Rome 72 72 24

06-Jan-19 Four Story Apartment Buildings of Ostia (2009) 73 74 74 St. Peter & St. Paul ? 75 25

06-Jan-19 All Roads Lead to Rome Major Highway -- Appian Way  50,000 miles paved roads 76 76 77 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius – 79 AD  Southern Italy – South of Naples  Buries Pompeii and Herculaneum 78 26

06-Jan-19 79 80 Herculaneum Today --- 2005 81 81 81 27

06-Jan-19 82 The “Good” Emperors (96 – 180 AD)  Nerva  Trajan  Hadrian (Final Revolt in Judea)  Antoninous Pius  Marcus Aurelius *Strengthened Rome’s Frontiers *Continued economic prosperity *Greatest extent of the Roman Empire *Strong imperial Government 83 83 Building the Frontiers of Rome The Limes in England (73 Miles) and Germany (Rhine and Danube Rivers) 84 84 28