1/10/2020 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of - - PDF document

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1/10/2020 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of - - PDF document

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1/10/2020 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of Roman History I. Kingdom: 753 BC 509BC Tiber River Seven Hills 509 BC 31 BC II. Republic: III. Empire (Imperial) : 31 BC 476 AD (Western) 31 BC 1453 AD

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Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome

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Three Periods of Roman History

  • I. Kingdom: 753 BC – 509BC
  • Tiber River

Seven Hills

  • II. Republic:

509 BC – 31 BC

  • III. Empire (Imperial) :

31 BC – 476 AD (Western) 31 BC – 1453 AD (Eastern = Byzantine)

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The Development of the First Roman Republic The Italian Peninsula Rocky mountain range in center of peninsula -- Apennines Rich soil, Olive Trees (Olive Oil), Vineyards (Wine) Early Peoples Indo-Europeans – 2000 BC Greek Colonists

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The Etruscans

  • Ruled Northern Italy: 900 – 500 B.C.
  • Little is known about them.
  • Language still is not deciphered;

alphabet from the Greeks.

  • Some Greek influence – Would

influence the Romans.

  • Wealthy society; social classes.
  • Legacy left in burial chambers and

artifacts.

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Etruscan Funeral Rites

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Latin's

Tiber River

  • Drains into the Mediterranean Sea
  • Marshy area – disease prone

Rome – 8th century B.C.

  • Legend
  • Fact – Farming people
  • Join into a single unit

Seven Hills of Rome City develops unique character between these hills Early 7th century B.C. falls under control of Etruscan’s Tarquin Family – Provides Etruscan kings over Rome and the Latin’s

  • Remain in power approximately 100 years.
  • Tarquin the Proud 534 – 509 B.C.

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Latin’s Cont.’

Brought first city-state civilization to Italy Taught Greek Alphabet and Arches Group of Nobles -- named Senate -- Called Patricians Common people called Plebeians

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Rome under the Tarquins

Roman Forum develops – market place –center of town Greek = Agora 509 B.C. – Roman populace rise up – overthrow the Tarquin monarchs Romans vow to never live under a king. Republic established 509 B.C.

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The Roman Forum

The Center of the Life of Rome

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Rome begins to grow as a Republic Conflict with Neighbors

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Executive Branch Consuls – Two each– One Year terms Dictator – sole leader in time of emergency Legislative Branch Senate 300 Patricians – serve for life Plebeians Against Patricians Plebeians want equal rights Made up the bulk of the army Plebeian assembly -- Tribunes ”Veto = I Forbid” Writing down of laws for all to see Plebeian assembly becomes popular assembly The Twelve Tables 451 B.C. Placed in the Forum

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Religion

  • Strong Greek influence
  • Deities names and functions

Family Family Values – Father absolute head of household

  • Live simply
  • Work hard
  • Sense of duty

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Hi; I’m Travel Bear

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Expansion and Crisis

Romans conquer the Southern Italian/Greeks

  • Pyrrhus - Greek
  • Beat Roman army twice
  • Third battle indecisive with Romans,
  • returned to Greece

”Pyrrhic Victory” --- Won at great cost!! (“Perhaps not worth the effort”) Romans exercise wise leadership after conquests Roman citizenship given to conquered peoples Romans controlled administration

  • f justice

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Roman Legions

  • Originally -- Citizen soldiers
  • Roman Legion - 5/6,000 men
  • Only Romans at first
  • Used auxiliaries
  • Built military roads
  • Romans successful because
  • f geography
  • Central location of Rome
  • Established military coloniae

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The largest element of the Roman Army was the Legion (“Muster”) Approximately 6,000 men; Height of the Empire, 30 legions (180,000) +Auxiliaries (300,000) from all over the Republic and Empire One legion (+ Staff) = 10 Cohorts (500 men) = 60 centuries (80 men) Symbol of the Legion

Eagle

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Roman Army Develops Warfare Tactics and Strategies Move from use of the Phalanx to what becomes the Legion

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The Roman Soldier Emerges as the Best Fighting Man

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Reforms of Marius

1st Professional Standing Army in Rome .. Loyalty to the Commander

Start of Pax Romana Standard Image

  • f the Roman

Legionnaires

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By the time of Augustus the Roman century was down from 100 men to 80 men.

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The Roman Army was masters at Siege Warfare … each soldier was also and engineer and builder

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Rome’s First “Real Crisis” --- Rome Against Carthage

  • Roman rival in trade and control of the Mediterranean Sea
  • Phoenicians -- 814 B.C.
  • Punic = Latin for Phoenicians

Port of City of Carthage Rich Trade – Competition from Rome

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Rome Builds a Navy

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The First Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC) Fought over Sicily (Straits of Messina) Romans won Carthage – Indemnity Paid to Rome Rome Controls Sicily Establishes Presence

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Roman Villa at Casale, Sicily 3rd Century A.D.

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1,700 Year Old Mosaics! World Famous Mosaic The “Bikini Girls”

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Curious Image

Why?

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The Second Punic War (218 BC – 202 BC)

Rome vs. Hannibal

  • Sagunto, Spain
  • Alps - Elephants
  • Battle of Cannae (216 BC) - Defeated Rome

Roman Scipio invaded N. Africa

  • Hannibal returns to Carthage
  • Hannibal defeated at Zama

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Battle of Cannae 216 BC – Hannibal is victorious

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Hannibal Never Attacked Rome Itself! Why?

The Walls of Rome Protected the City!

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Archimedes

Dies 212/211 BC in Roman Siege

  • f Syracuse

Tomb ? 42 42

Scipio’s Triumph on his return to Rome after the Battle of Zama

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The Third Punic War (149- 146 BC) Roman ultimatum – Cato – Roman Senate “Carthage Must Be Destroyed” Destruction of Carthage – Sowing of Salt in the Earth

  • Gen. George S. Patton 1943

Mare Nostrum “Our Sea” -- the Mediterranean

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The Republic in Crisis

Political Changes -- Corruption in the Provinces *Power concentrated in Senate *Small land owners unhappy – lose farms *Slave labor (Latifundia) Crowding the Cities Reformers and Generals Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Roman Civil War Marius vs. Sulla General Sulla brought temporary peace

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Slave Revolt – Spartacus (73 BC – 71 BC)

Began at the Gladiator School at Capua (Southern Italy)

  • 2nd Largest Amphitheater in Roman Empire!
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Julius Caesar

Popular military leader Had support of the army Became part of the 1st triumvirate Pompey -- military hero Crassus -- wealthy Roman

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Caesar and the Pirates Caesar in Spain Caesar and Cleopatra

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Julius Caesar

Popular military leader

  • Had support of the army

Became part of the 1st triumvirate

  • Pompey -- military hero
  • Crassus -- wealthy Roman

Caesar conquers Gaul and Northern tribes

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Celtic Influence in Europe!

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Celts and the Romans in Gaul (France)

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Alesia 52 B.C.

Caesar’s Greatest Triumph

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Siege of Alesia 52 BC Then Alesia, France Now

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Alesia Today (August 2002)

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Reconstructed Roman Fortifications of Alesia

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Julius Caesar

Popular military leader Had support of the army Became part of the 1st triumvirate Pompey -- military hero Crassus -- wealthy Roman Caesar conquers Gaul and Northern tribes Roman Civil War – “Crossing the Rubicon” (Popular term!) Defeats Pompey in Greece Becomes a dictator for life Extends Roman citizenship to conquered peoples Begins public works projects Murdered by Brutus -- “Et Tu Brutae?”

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Roman Civil War

“Crossing the Rubicon” (Popular term!)

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Rome at the Death of Caesar in 44 B.C.

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End of the Republic

Caesar Murdered 44 BC – Ides of March Civil War 44 – 31 BC (2nd Triumvirate)

  • Octavian
  • Marc Antony
  • Marcus Lepidus – (“goes away”)

Octavian grandnephew of Caesar

  • (Adopted Heir)

Marc Antony defeated by Octavian

  • Cleopatra
  • Battle of Actium 31 B.C.

Egypt becomes a Roman province Octavian called “Imperator” (Victorious General) = Emperor

Empire Begins under one ruler

  • Octavian is now called Augustus

“Majestic One”

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Cleopatra’s Royal Barge

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Augustus – the First Emperor of Rome (27 BC – 14 AD)

  • Significant Reforms – Life better/Less corruption/Stable society
  • Does not establish clear line of succession
  • Pax Romana Begins (31 BC – 180 AD)

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Circus Maximus

  • In the center of Rome
  • 150,000 or more spectators!!
  • Chariot Races (“Ben Hur”)

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Ostia / The Port of Rome

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Four Story Apartment Buildings

  • f Ostia

(2009)

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  • St. Peter &
  • St. Paul ?

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All Roads Lead to Rome

Major Highway -- Appian Way

  • 50,000 miles paved roads

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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius – 79 AD

  • Southern Italy – South of Naples
  • Buries Pompeii and Herculaneum

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Herculaneum Today --- 2005

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The “Good” Emperors

(96 – 180 AD)  Nerva  Trajan  Hadrian (Final Revolt in Judea)  Antoninous Pius  Marcus Aurelius *Strengthened Rome’s Frontiers *Continued economic prosperity *Greatest extent of the Roman Empire *Strong imperial Government

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Building the Frontiers of Rome

The Limes in England (73 Miles) and Germany (Rhine and Danube Rivers)

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July 2017 Dillingen, Saar, Germany

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July 2019 - North of Frankfurt

Like my Selfie?

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Roman London (Londinium)

 Established 43 AD (Claudius)  Walled City by 200 AD

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The Pantheon – Best Preserved Ancient Structure in Rome! 126 A.D. Temple to all the gods of Rome

  • St. Mary & the Martyrs Basilica

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Various modern legal concepts can trace their origins to Roman law codes

Lictors of Rome

  • Bodyguard to the magistrates
  • Power to arrest and punish

As a symbol of

  • ffice; carried the

“fasces” Axe and Rods Associated with Mussolini - Fascist Italy 1919 93 93

Science and Medicine:

  • Ptolemy -- Egyptian – Astronomy
  • Galen – Greek / Doctor / Medicine / Blood circulation
  • Romans built the first hospitals

Roman Education

  • Followed Greek models
  • Private – at Home – Slaves as tutors
  • Caesar’s Conquests -- Gallic wars
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Language and Literature of Rome

  • Latin language preserved through the Catholic Church.
  • Remained in common use through 1500’s

Virgil -- Aeneid – Similar to Homer – Epic Poem – praise of Rome Livy – History of Rome (excellent source) Tacitus: The Annals (14 – 68 AD) Histories (68 – 96 A.D.)

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Jewish Revolt in 66 A.D. – Sicarii – Extremist Branch of Zealots

  • Revolt Defeated by 70 AD
  • Vespasian / Titus
  • Jerusalem Sacked

One Roman Failure -- Judea

Jerusalem Destroyed a 2nd time 132 AD

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Siege and conquest of Jerusalem would last four years (66-70 A.D.)

  • Documented in book called “The Jewish War”
  • written by a Jewish leader Josephus
  • captured by the Romans and became an

advisor to them in return for his freedom … became a controversial figure

  • Excellent source for early Christian history!
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  • Zealots seized Herod’s fortress -- Palace in the Judean Desert
  • Held out against the Romans until 72/73 A.D.
  • Died by their own hand rather than surrender to the Romans
  • Symbolic Center of Israeli Defense Forces

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MASADA

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Flavius Silva’s Roman Legion Camp Roman Siege Ramp

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Fortress of Masada

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66 A.D. 1990

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The Spread of Christianity

The Five Early Patriarchs

  • Rome
  • Antioch
  • Alexandria
  • Constantinople
  • Jerusalem

 Bishops become successors of Apostles  Chosen locally by followers  Bishop of Rome becomes head of the Christian (Catholic) Church

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Symbolism = To recognize fellow believers Anchor = Strong Faith Fish = Jesus and followers – fishers of men Chi Rio = First two letters

  • f Christ’s name in Greek

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To Improve Control Divide the Empire West Gaul Italy East Illyricum Byzantium

  • Temporary
  • Rivals fight it out!
  • Consolidation again

Key Cities  Trier  Milan  Ravenna  Byzantium Diocletian – 284 to 305 A.D. (Retires)

Tetrarchy

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Battle of Milvian Bridge

28 October 312 A.D.

“In this sign you will conquer”

Chi Rho

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Legalizes Christianity Edict of Milan 313 A.D.

  • Defender of Christianity
  • St. Augustine
  • St. Ambrose – Milan
  • Former Government buildings become

first churches!

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In the East Theodosius makes Christianity the “Official” Religion of Rome in 392 A.D. 395 A.D. Rome in the West = Roman Empire Rome in the East = Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) Constantine’s Move to Byzantium – 330 A.D.

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Decline and Fall of Rome – 476 A.D.

Do you see any modern parallels?? Critical “Hypothetical” Thinking Diocletian’s Reforms Failed – end of 3rd Century

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Invasions Focus on West Collapse 476 A.D.