Youth employment, SDGs and the way forward Bangkok, 16 June 2016 Matthieu Cognac Youth Employment Specialist Decent Work Technical Support Team for East and South-East Asia and the Pacific ILO-Bangkok
The youth unemployment crisis Source: Weso Trends 2016
We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment. PEOPLE
Youth unemployment and poverty Globally Asia Pacific 33 M 73 M unemployed unemployed 103 M 169 M working poor working poor
Countries face the challenge of creating more jobs… Unemployment rates, youth and adult, 2015 (%) 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Youth Adult Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, 2015.
... In Asia the challenge is in improving the quality of jobs, including “vulnerable employment” … Source: ILO, WESO Trends 2016
To benefit from the “demographic dividend” in developing economies implies enabling young people to escape from working poverty.
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations. PLANET
Urbanization Urban youth in Asia in millions Source: Switched On Report
We a are determine ined to ensure e that all ll human an be bein ings s can enjo joy y prosp sperous ous and fulf lfilling illing li lives and that economic mic, , social ial and technolog logica ical l progre gress ss occurs rs in in harmon ony y wit ith natur ure. e. PROSPERITY
Economic growth and job creation Source: ILO, OECD, World Bank, G20 labour markets: outlook, key challenges and policy responses , September 2014
There is a growing recognition that economic growth is critical but insufficient…
Is education the (only) answer?
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Policy options will vary by country In some (developed) countries , youth unemployment rates are highest for those with lower educational attainments Youth unemployment rates by educational attainment, 2013 (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lower secondary or less Upper secondary Tertiary Germany Spain Source: Eurostat
In many countries, economic “structural” change has not kept pace with educational achievements Youth unemployment rate in Indonesia, 2013 (%) Youth and adult unemployment rates in Viet Nam (%) 20.0 25.0 18.4 18.0 16.9 15.8 16.0 20.0 14.0 12.0 15.0 10.0 (%) 8.0 10.0 6.0 4.5 4.0 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.8 5.0 1.5 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.0 0.0 15-24 25+ 15-24 25+ 15-24 25+ - 2010 2011 2012 Never attended Incomplete primary Completed primary Completed lower secondary Completed upper secondary Vocational training College (technical) University and above Source: ILO, based on national labour force surveys
Qualifications mismatch of employed youth (%) Cambodia Fiji India Indonesia Pakistan Philippines Samoa 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Underqualified Adequately qualified Overqualified
The school-to-work transition is not long to a first job for most youth, but it takes an average of 19 months to complete the transition to a stable or satisfactory job
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
The Call for Action 2012 International Labour Conference Work-plan on youth employment: Call for Action Channels of delivery: Areas of work: 1. Knowledge development and 1. Macroeconomic policies dissemination 2. Education and training 2. Technical assistance 3. Labour market policies 3. Partnerships and advocacy 4. Entrepreneurship 5. Rights for young people
Regional comparisons (1) 5 Regions, 42 countries, 267 document • Most commonly addressed policy : Education and training • • Second most commonly addressed policy differs by region: Enterprise Development (% of documents) Labour Market Policy (% of documents) % % 70 70 62.5 55.8 55.9 60 60 50 50 42.5 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Africa Americas Asia-Pacific Europe/Central Asia Source: YouthPOL 2014
Regional comparisons (2) • Top employment challenge: Quality and relevance of technical, vocational education • Second most commonly addressed employment challenge differs by region: Second most cited employment challenge related to youth (% of documents) 60 54.2 50 40 33.7 32.9 27.1 30 % 20 10 0 Africa Europe and Central Asia Americas Asia and the Pacific General education Social Inclusion Conditions of work Source: YouthPOL 2014
Asia-Pacific regional analysis (1) 11 countries: Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea (Republic of), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Vanuatu. Portion of documents addressing different policy areas by level of income (%) 100.0 88.0 90.0 83.3 82.8 80.0 70.0 58.6 60.0 56.0 58.3 50.0 41.7 38.0 34.5 40.0 30.0 30.0 28.0 25.0 24.1 20.7 16.7 20.0 10.0 0.0 Macroeconomic and Education and training Labour market Enterprise Rights at work sectoral policy policies development Low-income Middle-income High-income Source: YouthPOL 2014
Asia-Pacific regional analysis (2) Education and Training highlights Technical vocational education and training (TVET): aligning curricula with industry Apprenticeships and work experience Career education Scholarships Recognition of prior learning
We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development. PEACE
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
We are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalised Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focussed in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all people. PARTNERSHIP
To summarize…
Global trends for youth employment Take away 1: The youth employment crisis is easing… …BUT recovery is not universal
Global trends for youth employment Take away 2: The nature of work is changing
Global trends for youth employment Take away 3: Workers react and adapt
And to conclude…
Capitalizing on the demographic dividend Including young people Measuring education; Promoting work experience Building on the agenda 2030
Thank you cognac@ilo.org
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